PE - Body systems

What is the skeletal system?

Is the internal framework of the internal body, an adult body has 206 bones

What is a vertebra

Small bones that make up the spine increasing in size as you go down, it protects the spinal cord.

How many bones are in each part of the vertebra

Cervical - 7, Thoracic - 12, Lumbar - 5, Sacrum - 5, Coccyx - 4

What are the 4 functions of the skeletal system

Allows for movement, shape and protection, mineral storage and production of blood cells

What is the function allows for movement

Skeleton allows for movement as bones provide a space for muscles to be attached, allowing muscles to pull to create movement.

What is the function shape and protection

The skeleton gives the correct shape to our body and protects the internal organs from injury. Ribs - heart, Cranium - brain, Veterbra - spinal cord.

What is the function mineral storage

Bones store minerals such as (Ca, Fe, K, P), which will be released into the blood when the body needs it.

What is the function productions of blood cells

Red and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow in the centre of most bones. Red blood cells carry oxygen to muscles, white blood cells fight infections.

What is the muscular system

The muscular system is an organ system consisting of around 600 muscles.

What are the functions of the muscular system

Create movement, Posture, Heat production

What is the function create movement

Muscles are responsible for your movements, they pull on bones to make movement

What is the function posture

Skeletal muscles provide the force needed to stabilise the body, their flexibility and strength are key.

What is the function heat production

When muscles contract to make movement they generate heat, the heat is vital for maintaining body temperature.

What is the musculoskeletal system

It’s the bones, ligaments, tendons and muscles, with the collaboration of the skeletal and muscular system which gives the body the ability to move.

What are ligaments

A fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone and offers stability at the point where movement occurs.

What are tendons

Tough bands which connect muscle to bone, in which a muscle contracts pulling on it which in turn pulls on the bone creating movement.

What is the difference between ligaments and tendons

Ligaments connect bone to bone, Tendons connect muscle to bone.

What is a flexion

A movement that decreases the angle between the bones at a joint.

What is an extension

A movement that increases the angle between two body parts.

What is reciprocal inhibition

Refers to the muscles working in pairs to enable movement, when one muscle contracts and shortens, its pair relaxes and lengthens

What is the agonist

The muscle that contracts and shortens

What is the antagonist

The muscle that relaxes and lengthens

What do tendons do in reciprocal inhibition

The tendons responds to the muscle contracting pulling on the bone creating movement.

What is the cardiovascular system

Also known as the circulatory system, it consists of the heart and blood vessels working together to transport gases and nutrients around the body.

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system

Circulates blood around the body, transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells, transports waste (CO2) away from cells, maintains stable body temperature.

What are the types of blood vessels

Arteries, veins and capillaries

What are the arteries

Generally carry oxygen-rich blood, always transports away from heart to body, has elastic walls so they expand to accommodate the volume and pressure. The aorta gives all the blood to the rest of the body.

What are the capillaries

The smallest type of blood vessel, where nutrients and waste are exchanges between blood and body cells, the exchange happens really fast because of thin walls.

What are the veins

Generally carry deoxygenated blood and always transports it from the from the body to the heart, it’s walls are thin and not as elastic.

What do veins have valves

It relies on the muscles contracting to transport blood to the heart and not the heart pumping, so it doesn’t have the pressure.

What do valves do

One way valves prevent blood from flowing in the wrong direction back towards the body due to gravity.

What does the heart do

Is a pump designed to push blood throughout the cardiovascular system, is on the left of the chest. Is protected by the rib cage and is about the size of an adult fist.

What does the right side of the heart do

Transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs to remove CO2

What does the left side of the heart do

Transports oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

Why is the muscle wall of left ventricle so much thicker than the right ventrical

Because the left ventricle pumps blood through the whole body while the right ventricle only pumps to lungs(very close) so the muscle needs to be stronger and thicker.

How does blood flow in the body

Blood (vc) - RA - RV - PA - Lungs - PV - LA - LV - aorta - body - back to body through veins

What are the differences between the two vena cava

The superior VC receives blood from upper body like arms

The inferior VC receives blood from lower body like legs

What is the respitory system

The nose, mouth, throat, voice box, windpipe and lungs, specialised in gas exchange.

What are the functions of the respiratory system

Brings air from atmosphere into lungs, transfers oxygen from air into blood, removes carbon dioxide from blood, expels heat from air exhaled, allows vocal cords to create speech as air is exhaled.

What do the lungs do

Major organ located in the chest cavity behind the ribs, allow air to be taken into the body while allowing the body to get rid of CO2.

What is the Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs, where lungs and blood exchange oxygen and CO2 during breathing

What is the diaphragm

Muscle of the respiratory system, used to inhale and exhale

What is breathing

Taking air into and expelling it out of the lungs, it is divided in two parts inspiration and expiration

How does concentration of air work

It relies on air particles tendency to move from high pressure areas (lots of air) to low pressure areas (less air)

What is inspiration (inhalation)

Air is drawn into the lungs, the diaphragm contracts and moves down, intercostal muscles contract increase chest cavity, makes less pressure so air flows in. MORE SPACE

What is expiration (exhalation)

Air is expelled from lungs, diaphragm relaxes moving up, intercostal muscles relax decrease chest cavity, cause pressure to increase so air flows out. LESS SPACE

What is gaseous exchange

Where gases move across a surface without the use of energy. eg. Alveoli and lungs, capillaries and skeletal muscle. CO2 and Oxygen swap with each other

How does gas exchange utilise gas concentration

Relies on gas tendency to move from high concentration areas to low concentration areas of the SAME TYPE of particle. When they are equal in each area they swap at the same time.

How does gaseous exchange work in each of the areas.

CO2 moves from capillaries to alveoli, and oxygen moves from alveoli to capillaries.

CO2 moves from muscles to capillaries and oxygen moves from capillaries into the cells.