Spanish 2: Semester 1 Final Review

Conjugations for preterite ER/IR verb

-í, -iste, -ió, imos, ieron

Conjugations for preterite AR verbs

-é, -aste, -ó, -amos, -aron

-car, -gar, -zar preterite

-car: qu -gar: gu -zar: c

Stem change rule for preterite AR/ER verbs

-ar and -er verbs that have a stem change in the present tense are regular in the preterite

Stem change rule for preterite IR verbs

-ir verbs that have a stem change in the present tense ar regular in the preterite

Preterite of SER and IR

fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron

Preterite irregular estar:

estuv- *no accents

Preterite irregular poder:

pud- *no accents

Preterite irregular poner:

pus- *no accents

Preterite irregular saber:

sup- *no accents

Preterite irregular tener:

tuv- *no accents

Preterite irregular hacer:

hic- in 3rd person it is: hizo no accents

Preterite irregular querer:

quis- *no accents

Preterite irregular conducir:

conduj- *no accents

Preterite irregular decir:

dij- *no accents

Preterite irregular traducir:

traduj- *no accents

Preterite irregular traer:

traj- *no accents

Preterite irregular venir:

vin- *no accents

Preterite definition of CONOCER

to meet

Preterite definition of SABER

to find out; to learn

Preterite definition of PODER

to succeed

Preterite definition of QUERER

to try

Preterite conjugations of DAR

di, diste, dio, dimos, dieron

Direct Object Pronouns

me, te, lo/la, nos, los/las

What are direct object pronouns?

Take the place of the noun

Directly receive the action of the verb

Placement of direct object pronouns:

affirmative sentence: before the verb

negative sentence: after "no" before conjugated verb

with infinitive: before conjugated verb or attached to infinitive

present progressive: attached to "ing" ending, add accent

Indirect Object Pronouns

me, te, le, nos, les

What are indirect object pronouns?

They identify TO WHOM or FOR WHOM the action is done

Placement of Indirect Object Pronoun:

All the same places a direct object pronouns goes:

affirmative sentence: before the verb

negative sentence: after "no" before conjugated verb

with infinitive: before conjugated verb or attached to infinitive

present progressive: attached to "ing" ending, add accent

Backwards verb rules:

-the verb only has two conjugations: 3rd person plural or 3rd person singular

-use indirect objects in front of verb

-the conjugation of verb will match the subject (plural or singular)

Me gusta la clase.

Rules for using both a indirect & direct object pronouns together

-the IDOP always goes before DOP

-when both le & les are used change IDOP pronoun to se

ex: Le escribí una carta. -> Le la ecribí. -> Se la escribí

Regular imperfect conjugations for AR verbs

yo- aba

tú- abas

ud./ella/él- aba

nosotros- ábamos

ellos/ellas/uds.- aban

Regular imperfect conjugations for ER/IR verbs

yo- ía

tú- ías

él- ía

nosotros- íamos

ellos/ellas- ían

Stem change rule for imperfect

-there are no stem changes in the imperfect form

Irregular imperfect form of IR

iba, ibas, iba, ibamos, iban

Irregular imperfect form of SER

era, eras, era, éramos, eran

Irregular imperfect form of VER

veía, veías, veía, veíamos, veían

Times to use the imperfect form:

(hint: there's six)

1. Habitual or repeated actions (íbamos al parque los domingos)

2. Events or actions that were in progress (Yo leía mientras él estudiaba)

3. Mental or emotional states (Quería mucho a su familia)

4. Physical characteristics (Era alto y guapo)

5. Telling time (Eran las tres y media)

6. Age (Los niños tenían seis años)

Common phrases to look for to identify preterite

ayer, anteayer, una vez, dos veces, tres veces, el año pasado, de repente

Common phrases to look for to identify imperfect

de niño/a, todos los días, mientras, siempre, con frecuencia, todas las semanas

When preterite and imperfect appear in the same sentence

-imperfect describes what was happening while preterite describes the action that "interrupted" the ongoing activity

Se + verb

can be used to form constructions in which the person performing the action is not expressed or is de-emphasized

-the person performing the action is not defined

ex: Se habla español en Costa Rica. (Spanish is spoken in Costa Rica)

Se rules

- only the 3rd person plural & 3rd person singular are used (just like backwards verbs)

ex: Se vende ropa. or Se venden camisas.

Se for unplanned events

-se also describes accidental or unplanned events

-in this construction, person who performs the action is de-emphasized, implying that the unplanned event is not their direct responsibility

-ex: se + IDOP + verb + subject

Se me cayó la pluma.

What are adverbs?

They describe how, when, and where actions take place

How do you form adverbs in spanish?

add -mente to feminine form of the adjective

*if adjective does not have special feminine form just add -mente to standard form

Special rules for forming adverbs

(there's one)

-adjectives do not lose their accents when adding -mente

What are tu commands used for?

when you want to give an order or advice to someone you normally address with the familair tú

How do you conjugate affirmative tu commands?

In the él/ella/ud. form

What are the eight irregular affirmative commands?

venir- ven

decir- di

salir- sal

hacer-haz

tener- ten

ir- ve *same as ver command: ve

poner- pon

ser- sé

How to form negative tu commands?

1. Go to the yo

2. Chop off the -o

3. Switch (AR verbs- es ER/IR verbs- as

Rules for negative tu commands

-verbs with irregular yo forms maintain same irregularity in their negative tú form

-stem changing verbs keep their stem changes in this form

What do verbs ending in -gar change to for negative tu commands?

g- gu

What do verbs ending in -car change to for negative tu commands?

c- qu

What do verbs ending in -zar change to for negative tu commands?

z- c

Irregular negative tu command of dar:

no des

Irregular negative tu command of estar:

no estés

Irregular negative tu command of ir:

no vayas

Irregular negative tu command of saber:

no sepas

Irregular negative tu command of ser:

no seas

What are por and para used for?

used to describe aspects of movement, time, and action

Por or Para: movement

Por: through or by a place

Para: towards a destination

Por or Para: time

Por: Duration of an event

Para: action deadline or specific time in the future

Por or Para: Action

Por: Reason or motive for an action or circumstance

Para: Purpose or goal + infinitive

Purpose + noun

Other uses of Por: (4)

1. Object of a search

2. Means by which something is done...

3. Exchange or substitution

4. Unit of measure (per, by)

Other uses of Para: (3)

1. The recipient of something

2. Comparison with others or an opinion

3. In the employment of...

What are reciprocal reflexives?

a pronoun that expresses a shared or reciprocal action between two or people or things

Rules for reciprocal reflexives

-only plural forms of the reflexive pronouns are used to express reciprocal actions because the action must involve more than one person or thing (nos, se)

What are stressed possessive adjectives used for?

used for emphasis or to express of mine, of yours,

Stressed possessive of: my; (of) mine

mío/a míos/as

Stressed possessive of: your; (of) yours (fam.)

tuyo/a tuyos/as

Stressed possessive of: your (form.) his: hers; its ours

suyo/a suyos/as

Stressed possessive of: our; (of) ours

nuestro/a nuestros/as

Stressed possessive of: your; (of) yours (form.); their: (of) theirs

suyo/a suyos/as

rules for stressed possessive adjectives

-placed after the noun they modify