Unit 4: Social Psychology and Study Guide

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30 Terms

1
Attribution Theory
A theory that explains how individuals pinpoint the causes of their own and others’ behavior.
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2
Dispositional Attribution
Attributing behavior to internal factors such as personality traits or motives.
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3
Situational Attribution
Attributing behavior to external factors such as the environment or social context.
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4
Fundamental Attribution Error
The tendency to overemphasize internal characteristics and underestimate situational factors in explaining someone else's behavior.
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5
Actor/Observer Bias
The tendency to attribute one’s own actions to situational factors while attributing others' actions to their character.
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6
Stereotypes
Oversimplified generalizations about a group of people that can lead to prejudice and discrimination.
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7
Implicit Attitudes
Unconscious beliefs or feelings that can influence behavior towards a person or group.
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8
Cognitive Dissonance
The mental discomfort experienced by a person who holds two or more contradictory beliefs, values, or ideas.
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9
Belief Perseverance
The tendency to hold on to one's beliefs even when presented with contradictory evidence.
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10
Locus of Control
The degree to which individuals believe they have control over the outcomes of events in their lives.
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11
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
A belief that leads to its own fulfillment; expectations can influence behavior and outcomes.
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12
Social Norms
Accepted behaviors within a group or society that are expected to be followed.
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13
Social Influence
The effect that other people have on an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
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14
Conformity
Changing one’s behavior or beliefs to match those of others, often due to social pressure.
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15
Obedience
Following the directives of an authority figure.
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16
Groupthink
A mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.
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17
Prosocial Behavior
Voluntary behavior intended to benefit others, often associated with altruism.
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18
Bystander Effect
The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when others are present.
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19
Eustress
Positive form of stress that can motivate and improve performance.
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20
Distress
Negative stress that can lead to anxiety and decreased performance.
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21
Self-Actualization
The realization or fulfillment of one’s talents and potential, representing the growth of an individual.
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22
Reciprocal Determinism
A social-cognitive concept where personal factors, behavior, and the environment influence each other.
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23
Trait Theories
Theories that focus on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences in personality traits.
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24
Big Five Personality Traits
A theory that identifies five core traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism (OCEAN).
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25
Learned Helplessness
A condition in which a person feels powerless to change their situation due to repeated failure.
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26
Cognitive Load
The total amount of mental effort being used in the working memory.
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27
Ethnocentrism
The belief in the superiority of one’s own culture or ethnic group.
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28
Discrimination
Unjust treatment of different categories of people or things, often based on race, age, or sex.
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29
Halo Effect
The tendency to let an overall impression of a person influence views on their specific traits.
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30
Social Loafing
The tendency for individuals to put in less effort when working in a group than when working alone.
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