US Civil War

Make-up of Congress

Make-up of Congress

Half north and half south

Transportation in the North and South

North: many roads, canals, and well developed railroads

South: Steamships and railroads, not as developed

Tariffs

North Favored high tariffs while the south favor low ones

Industrialization of the North

• had factories and more infrastructure like railroads

• experience with internal trade

Changes in the northern workforce

More immigration → mainly Irish and German workers in factories

Role of Women in the Workforce

• Took over farms and businesses

• Worked with organizations like the US Sanitary Commission to provide medical care like nurses

• were spies

Agriculture and Industry in the Northwest

• Would provide raw goods (agriculture) to the North

• North didn’t actually need the south anymore

Spread of Cotton Production

• Cotton Gin → Increased the production of cotton

• South produced the most cotton in the world

• Discovered a new strain of cotton that can withstand different climates → Plantations can expand

Expansion of Slavery

• as the production of cotton increased so did the need for slaves

• Heavy debate on whether or not it would be expanded westward as new states applies for statehood — Missouri

Why didn’t the South develop industry?

In their idea, the profits that came from exporting cotton and the slave trade outweighed what would've been profits from industry
Another part is that there wasn;t nearly as many people, not as much demand

Economic differences between North and South before the war

The South relied on agriculture and slavery, while the North focused on manufacturing.

Political differences between North and South before the war

The South emphasized states' rights and lower tariffs, while the North favored a stronger federal government and higher tariffs.

Geographical differences between North and South before the war

The North was characterized by hills and colder climate, while the South was more flat and suitable for agriculture.

Social differences between North and South before the war

The South had a smaller population and supported slavery, while the North had a larger immigrant population that opposed slavery.

Make-up of Congress in the early 1800s (representation of slave v. free states)

Even split (11 free, 11 slave)

Transportation differences between North and South

North had most of the railroad, much faster

South had minimal amounts of the railroad, traveled by horse mainly and buggy

Agriculture/Industry in the Northwest and their relationship with Northeast-

North East remained more production/industry/manufacturingNorthwest was more agricultural based

Spread of cotton production

Invention of cotton gin, Created by eli whitney, made cotton and seed easier to separates

Expansion of slavery-?

Heavy debate on whether or not it would be expanded westward as new states applied for statehood, like with Missouri

Why didn't the South develop industry?

In their idea, the profits that came from exporting cotton and the slave trade outweighed what would've been profits from industry

Another part is that there wasn;t nearly as many people, not as much demand

"Colonial" relationship between N/S- ?

economic interdependence but growing political tensions

Plantation system

Large farms of lots of people working to typically make monocultures of a single crop/strand of crop

Life under slavery

Terrible living conditions, worked tirelessly

House slaves even worse with being watched constantly

Southern justifications for slavery

Someone can do what another doesn't want to do

We don't know what will happen if slavery is outlawed so leave it

It'll be better for them in the long run

Slave codes

Legally restricted the rights of slaves because they were property not people

No guns, no property, no vote, couldn't testify against a white person, couldn't serve on juries

Slave resistance

Resistance happened in these ways :slowdown work pace, did what they could to stop them from getting their money, Theft vandalism, revolting through violent means

Escape : Underground Railroad: Series of area/map that guided black people into safe areas

Harriet Tubman

Helped free many slaves through the underground railroad, 70 ppl/ worked as a Union Spy

Nat Turner

Led a huge slave revolt that killed white slave masters and led to many slaves getting jailed and enhanced save codes

Underground Railroad

Series of area/map that guided black people into safe areas

William Lloyd Garrison

Abolitionist

supposedly inspired nat turners rebellion

Frederick Douglass

abolitionist

Wrote the a memoir that let northerners know the truth about slavery

freed slave

John Brown

Began Bleeding Kansas through staunchly killing proslavery settlers in Kansas that were there to skew the vote

Hanged

Sojourner Truth

Abolitionist, freed slave

First black person to win a lawsuit against a white person

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Abolitionist known for writing Uncle Tom's cabin

La amistad

Most famous slave ship rebellion

Significance of California Gold Rush on the war

Gold rush most likely prompted the continuation of westward expansion

Significance of Mexican American War on the Civil War

Mexican american war admitted new states such as california, new mexico,texas but no resolution on the issue of slavery within the new territories

Missouri Compromise

1820 compromise where missouri was a free state but created a line and divide on where free and slave states would be

Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state

Nullification Crisis

Started in South Carolina, the idea that a state could negate federal law if need be
Didn't get passed, came as a result of a tariff
Started doubt within southern states about whether this would develop into ending slavery as a whole if the feds were allowed so much power
They enlisted troops to defend nullification against the Union, kind of started the divide
-starting the divide

Compromise of 1850

1. California, which was ready to enter the Union, was admitted as a free state by its state constitution.

2. Popular sovereignty was to determine the status of slavery in New Mexico and Utah, even though Utah and part of New Mexico were north of the Missouri Compromise line

3. The slave trade was banned in the nation's capital. Slavery, however, was allowed to remain.

4. Under a new fugitive slave law, those who helped escaped enslaved individuals or refused to assist in their return would be fined and possibly imprisoned.

5. The border between Texas and New Mexico was established.

Fugitive Slave Act

the fugitive slave act ensured that all slaves that escaped to free states would be returned back to their plantations

Kansas-Nebraska Act-1850

Repealed the Missouri Compromise

Introduced kansas and nebraska allowed for popular sovereignty within those states

Bleeding Kansas

the violent altercation that resulted from people trying to skew the vote

Dred Scott

Dred Scott v Sanford

sued for his freedom

claimed that he was free because he was residing in a free state though he was from a slave state

Lost

Chief Justice Roger Taney

Ruled that enslaved people would never be citizens

Harper's Ferry

Where john brown started the mass insurrection against enslaved people

Major causes of war

Differences between the north and south

Economic, political, & socia differences

States' rights v. Federal power

states have the right to make any decision that the frds don't make

Feds have rule over everything

John C. Calhoun

Powerful in antebellum era, believed that slavery was a need

Advocated for nullification

Poll Taxes

Unfair taxes that disadvantaged any people who couldn't afford to vote

Literacy Tests

Difficult biased tests created to work against black people to stop them from voting

Henry Clay:

Created the Compromise of 1850; banned slave trade in DC, Fugitive slave act, Popular Sovereignty in Utah and New Mexico, and Texas's borders and limited.

Election of 1860:

Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln won; due to the dividing of the democratic party on the Dred Scott decision and the Freeport doctrine

Abraham Lincoln:

Made the republican party popular, and president during the Civil War. His main goal is to Unite the country.

Stephen Douglas:

US politician from Illinois. He was a Democratic senator who supported popular sovereignty, allowing territories to decide whether they would allow slavery. This position antagonized Southerners who supported slavery and contributed to divisions within the Democratic party.

Secession

the act of southern states withdrawing from the United States and forming their own separate country called the Confederate States of America. This occurred in response to Abraham Lincoln's election and was done primarily to protect the institution of slavery.

Border States

slave states that did not secede from the Union at the start of the American Civil War. They included Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, and Kentucky. These states were significant as their allegiance was uncertain and staying in the Union helped the North's cause.

Crittenden Compromise

6 constitutional amendments that protects slavery but expands the Missouri comprimise line. South is angery and South Carolina Seccedes

Fort Sumter

"first battle", fort off the coast of charleston, Lincoln tries to retrieve union soldiers but is unsuccessful in capturing the fort.

Confederate advantages

more and better commanding officers, Homefeild advantage, more unified and more to lose

Union Advantages:

bigger population, was industrialized and had more supplies, more infrastructure (Railroads and transortation), trade and connections, internal trade (Self sustained -- west provided food), established government

Homestead Act of 1862:

Inducements to farm in the west

Morrill Land Grant Act

Gives funds to colleges and encouraged moving west and settling by giving land. Creation of agricultural colleges.

Conscription process (N/S)

Both the Union and Confederate governments instituted military drafts to raise armies during the Civil War. The Confederate government began enacting military drafts in 1862.

NY Draft Riot of 1863

In the north, Irish immigrants, very violent, didn't want to fight because they weren't even americans. They were also mad because rich people would get out of the draft by paying.

Suspension of writ of habeas corpus

In both the Union and the Confederation. The right to be brought in front of a judge or court to determine if there's a reason for imprisonment.

Emancipation Proclamation

Changes the focus of the war from state rights to slavery, now Europe had to support the Union because they were anti-slavery.

African American soldiers

After the Emancipation proclamation, many black men enlisted to fight; they faced more violence from Confederate soldiers. They also did a lot of domestic tasks and fought very bravely as compared to their white counterparts

Women's role during the war

Women took on new roles during the Civil War like looking after farms and businesses while men were away at war. They also organized societies to sew uniforms and raise money for the war effort. Some women worked as nurses and looked after wounded soldiers.

Dorothea Dix

Brings more women into nursing, changes the role of women during the civil war

Jefferson Davis

The president of the Confederacy

Funding for the war

The Union funded the Civil War through taxes and by printing money. The Confederacy relied heavily on exporting cotton but faced difficulties as the Union imposed a naval blockade, cutting off this export. The Confederacy also printed its own money which led to high inflation.

Robert E. Lee

Best military commander, confederate commander.

Stonewall Jackson

confederate army leader, dies in battle of chancelor

Ulysses S. Grant

Direct command over the army of the West, more sucessful that the army of the Potomac. Later becomes president.

George McClellan

Direct command over the army of the Potomac

Union Naval Blockade

The south's economy relied on the export of cotton and the import of manufactured goods.

Cotton diplomacy

South traded cotton to Europe, used it to get aid from England and France, Tried to make it a Economic war.

Bull Run/Manassas

First Major battle, showed that the war was going to be a long one.

Shiloh

Big loss for the CSA, union secures TN, grant starts campaign to Mississippi

Antietam/Sharpsburg

Union general McCellan was fired, the Emancipation Proclamation

Gettysburg

Major turning point of the war, 2nd scs invasion that has failed -- lost too many people

Vicksburg

Union Victory that allows the union to control the Mississippi river

Sherman's March to the Sea

Union soldier marches through Georgia, Demoralizes the south and everything of value is destroyed

Andersonville

Confederate military prison in Georgia.

Appomattox Courthouse

The site where confederate general Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia to Union general Grant. Ended the Civil War.

Effects of War (political, economic, social)

• Removed black codes and reduced black obstacles

• Invested in infrastructure like public education for blacks and whites, funding for hospitals, orphanages, and asylums

• Banned slavery

Freedmen's Bureau

to ease the transition from slavery to freedom; gave food, work, reunited families, and improved education.

Lincoln's 10% Reconstruction Plan

10% of voters had to accept the union, grant pardons for former confederates, compensate for lost property, doesn't require a guarantee of social or political equality for blacks.

Wade-Davis Bill

To punish the South, South repays the debt, no federal assistance, hang confederate leaders, 51% if the state needs to take the Iron Clad oath, Equal rights for African Americans.

Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction Plan

north and South share the debt, help the South rebuild, have peace with the South and give amnesty to all but the worst CSC leaders, 10% of the state needs to swear loyalty and needs to ratify the 13th amendment

Reconstruction Act of 1867

Divided the 10 southern states that didn't ratify the 14th amendment into military districts. A union general was commanding each district and was charged with protecting freed people and overseeing elections.

13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments

During the Reconstruction era, 13th gave freedom, 14th gave citizenship and 15th gave voting rights.

Sharecropping

Former slaves still worked on their previous plantations because they didn't have any other work. The plantation owner would give some land for a % of the crop, slaves would pay more of the % for food and clothes, the plantation owner would sell the crop and the crop wouldn't pay off the debt. So, the freedman would be in a cycle of debt.

Black Codes

Extensions of slave codes; laws on paying off debt,

Jim Crow Laws

Separated Public facilities into black and white areas.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Validated the Jim Crow laws, the court decided they were constitutional. Allows separate facilities as long as they are equal.

Booker T. Washington

African American educator, author, orator, and advisor to the presidents of the US. Dominant leader of the African American Community

WEB DuBois

African American sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, and author