unit 2 biological bases of behavior

what does plasticity (neuroplasticty) refer to ?

the brains ability to adjust to damage or new experiences

what is the primary effect of the myelin sheath

increase the velocity of conduction of the action potential along the axon

what are the main arguments in the nature vs nurture issue

whether individuals differences in behavioral traits and personalty are caused primary by the nature or nature

alzeihmers disease is associated with the depletion of which neurotransmitter

acetylcholine

what physical emotions would electrically stimulating a rats amygdala most li

what are other drugs that would belong in the same class as caffeine and nicotine

methamphetamine and cocaine

which techniques require researchers to inject a harmless radioactive substance into the living human brain to examine activity

PET scan

when an individual is registered as lying on a polygraph machine, what is the machine actually responding to

the changes in autonomic arousal

explain the role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of hunger

acts as the control center for hunger and satiety

activation of the parasympathetic nervous results In what types of changes in the body

all the body systems slo down except for digestion which increases since it was slowed down under stress

what part of the brain if damages will most likely cause a person to fall into a deep coma from which the person will be unable to awaken

the midbrain

what is the primary function of the pons

provides inputs to other structures of the brain stem and to the cerebellum

which neurtransmitter reuptake is blocked by cocaine

dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin

hidden wish/meaning of the dream

→ falling could symbolize feeling out of control

latent content

what took place in the dream

→ dreaming of falling

manifest content

what would an individual to wernickes area have difficulty doing

difficulty understanding a spoken request or anything to do in language development

damage to which brain structure may cause the inability to detect the emotional significance of facial expressions, especially those demonstrating fear?

amygdala

damage to which part of the brain is most likely to cause a person to develop aphasia

wernickes area

what part of the nervous system most directly allows voluntary muscle movement

somatic nervous system

large amounts of alcohol interferes with the brains ability to form new memories in which part of the brain

hippocampus

what hormone seems to be most closely linked with aggressive behavior

testosterone

makes the neurotransmitter and make the neuron fire

agonists

keeps it from firing

antagonists

what type of drug will be best alternative suffering for an individual experiencing severe pain

opiates

an individual has experiences damage to their cerebellum. how could this affect their ability to type on a computer

it would affect their ability by not being able to type smoothly

what condition is the following situation referring to: immediately after firing, a neuron is incapable of responding to stimulation

refractory period data

damage to a small part of the occipital lobe would most likely result in a what type of deficit

blindness

a person with a severe head injury subsequently act irresponsibly, does not seem to be able to plan effectively and is easy to anger. which brain area is most likely injured ?

frontal lobe

gathering data by attaching electrodes attached to an individuals scalp and collecting brain activity is known as…

EEG

where on/in the synapses do selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have their initial effect

synaptic cleft

an individual that has trouble with completing a picture on the left side of a paper would mostly likely have experienced damage to what part of the brain

right hemisphere

what is the role of the cerebellum in a figure skating performances

coordinating fine muscle movement and balance

a certain drug reduces the activity of the central nervous system, including the hippocampus and cerebellum. it affects several neurotransmitter most notably gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). which drug does this

alcohol

a person accidentally touches a hand to a hot stove and quickly pulls the hand away, even before sensory information about the hot stove reaches the brain. what part of the brain is mostnresponsible for the persons reaction

autonomic nervous system

curare blocks action at acetylcholine synapses and causes paralysis. this drug Is an example of

antagonist

in adult humans, describe what typically occur during REM sleep

the sleepers eyes dart back and forth behind closed eyelids

which neurotransmitter has been linked to parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia

dopamine

in right handed individuals (most people), what abilities are predominantly a function of the right hemisphere of the brain

negative emotions, response to commands, memory for the shapes, memory for music, understanding spatial relationships, understanding images & recognizing faces

information is relayed to the spinal cord or the brain by ___ neurons

afferent

rest and digest, all body system slow down but digestion increases

parasympathetic nervous system

fight or flight, all bodily systems are aroused except digestion which is reduced

sympathetic nervous system

if an individual has lost the ability to feel pain in the left arm, there is most likely damage to what area of the brain

right parietal lobe

how dan metabolic activity in different areas of the brain can best be visualized

PET scan

an image projected to the left visual field of a split brained person will be processed in the

right visual cortex

an individual was admitted to the hospital after experiencing a mild tingling on the right side of the face and a sudden inability to speak. using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) a doctor would likely find an issue with which hemisphere of he brain

left hemisphere

what is the network of structure involved in emotion, motivation, and memory called

the limbic system

why do humans typically not act out their dreams

sleep paralysis during dreaming stage

describe the process of reuptake of a neurotransmitter

the neurotransmitter molecules are removed from the synaptic gap b absorbing them back into the axon terminal so they can be released when the next neural impulse arrives

explain the activation synthesis hypothesis

based on the belief that dreams provide explanations for physiological activity

what happens t ones inhibitions when they are under the influence of alcohol

they decrease

what happen if there is damage to brocoas areas

breakdown between ones thoughts and language abilities

what are the characteristics of sleep apnea

snoring, stopped breathing during sleep, morning headaches, mood changes

what is the corpus callosum

thick mass of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres and relays messages between them

when would it be necessary to surgically severe the corpus callosum

severe epileptic seizures

what is the function of dendrites

to receive information from other neurons

if ventromedial nucleus of an individuals hypothalamus is damaged what changes will occur regarding appetite

obesity and overeating

regarding appetite what will most likely occur if the lateral hypothalamus is stimulated(not the same as damaged)

makes you eat, even if full

which system includes most glands in the human body

endocrine system

the limbic system is most closely associated with

emotions

what system controls the pituitary gland

hypothalamus

left hemisphere

verbal and analytic functions, processing information bit by bit

right hemisphere

nonverbal abilities → visual, tasks, music

processing information in global patterns

what characteristics are generally associated with the use of hallucinogens

vivid deserted images

which region of the body has the largest area of sensory cortex devoted to it

the face

which brain structure is most associated with the motion of fear

amygdala

describe the effect of alcohol on human functioning

depresses the central nervous system

which disease occurs when the immune system attacks the myelin of neurons in the central nervous system

multiple sclerosis

explain why travelers suffer from jet lag

different time zones and area mess up the circadian rhythm

what parts of the body are involved in regulating circadian rhythms

photoreceptors, hypothalamus, pineal glands

what is reduced during a flight or fight reaction

blood flow to the surface areas of the body

what type of charge does the inside of a cell membrane have when it is in the resting state

negative change

which neurotransmitter has been most associated with major depressive disorder

serotonin

which psychactive drugs increase nervous system activity

stimulants

the result of the evolutionary process that preserves traits that enhance the adaptation of an organism and suppresses traits that do not is called

natural selection

what would most likely result from an injury to the medulla

life threatening disruptions of the heartbeat and breathing

what brain structure is mist closely associated with communication between the central nervous system and the endocrine system

hypothalamus

what is the painful experience associated within terminating the use of an addictive substance

withdrawal

is a synapse part of the neuron

yes

which part of the nervous system is most immediately activated by sudden fear

sympathetic