SPX COLLECTION (CCLAB)

This is the process of applying centrifugal force to separate solid materials from a liquid mixture

This is the process of applying centrifugal force to separate solid materials from a liquid mixture

Centrifugation

What should you add to prevent glycolysis?

2 mg NaF/mL of blood

This additive prevents glycolysis for up to how many hours?

48-72 hours

Analytes that are unstable after 30 minutes

Potassium, phosphorus, glucose

Analytes that are unstable after 6 hours

Albumin, bicarbonate, Chloride, C-peptide, HDL, iron, LDL, total protein

In electrolyte shift, what analyte is falsely increased?

Potassium

In electrolyte shift, what analyte is falsely decreased?

Sodium

What are increased when you exercise?

Lactate, fatty acids, ammonia, creatinine, kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, aldolase, prolactin, growth hormone

What are decreased when you exercise?

FSH, LH, Estrogen, Testosterone

Vigorous hand exercise (fist clenching) may increase what?

Potassium, lactate, and phosphate

How many hour is the required fasting?

8-12 hours

What are the analytes requiring fasting specimen

FBS, OGTT, LIPIDS, LIPOPROTEINS, GASTRIN, INSULIN

This is the collection of blood sample in the morning before rising, __ hours after ingestion of food

Basal State Collection; 12

Overfasting for 48 hours may result in?

Increased serum bilirubin

Overfasting for 72 hours in male may result in?

Increased triglycerides

Overfasting for 72 hours in female may result in?

Decreased glucose to 45mg/dL

High protein diet may result in?

Increased urea and uric acid

Alkins diet (low carb high protein diet) may result in?

Increased urea and urine ketones

High caffeine intake may result in? It is due to _______

Increased glucose; Catecholamine

Preferred position during phlebotomy

Upright/supine

It is recommended that a px should be seated/supine for how many minutes before blood extraction

15-20 minutes

There is a required minutes after a changed position before blood collection to prevent what?

Hemodilution/hemoconcentration

Supine to sitting may result in?

Increased Albumin, enzymes, calcium

Sitting to supine may result in?

Increased Proteins, lipids, BUN, iron, calcium

Standing to supine may result in?

Decreased lipids and lipoproteins

What is decreased in tobacco smoking

Vitamin B12

What is increased in tobacco smoking?

Ammonia, glucose, GH, lipids, urea, lactate, insulin, catecholamines, cortisol

What is decreased in alcohol ingestion?

Glucose

What is increased in alcohol ingestion?

Gamma glutanyl transferase, urate, lactate, triglycerides

What is increased when stressed?

Catecholamines, cortisol, ACTH, Prolactin, Albumin, glucose, cholesterol, lactate

More than 1 minute of tourniquet application may cause?

Hemoconcentration and anaerobiosis

What is increased in tourniquet application?

Potassium, protein, enzymes, lactate, cholesterol, ammonia

A test where a tourniquet should not be applied and fist should not be clenched during phlebotomy

Lactate determination

Prolonged tourniquet exercise + fist exercise may cause

Increased potassium by 1 mmol/L

In hemolysis, what is decreased? It is due to _____

Creatinine and glucose; dilution effect

Hepatotoxic drugs may result in?

Increased liver function enzymes

Diuretics may result in?

Decreased sodium and potassium

This is the most analyzed non blood specimen

Urine

Ultrafiltrate of plasma

Urine

This type of urine specimen collection is used for routine and qualitative urinalysis

Random

This type of urine spx collection is first voided urine after waking up from 8 hours of sleep

First Morning/8-hour urine

1st morning/8-hour urine is an ideal specimen for?

Routine urinalysis and pregnancy test

Among of the urine specimens which is the most concentrated

First morning/8-hour urine

2nd voided urine after fasting (for glucose determination)

Fasting/Second Morning

This is a random urine specimen collected in a special urine container

Urine for drug testing

Collected urine/pooling of multiple urine at a specific time period

Timed specimen

This timed specimen requires fasting and is optional for glucose tolerance test in blood

Glucose Tolerance Urine

How long is the fasting for glucose tolerance urine?

30 minutes and 1 hour

The 2-hour post prandial urine is done ____ hours after?

2 hours after meal

This timed specimen is for diabetes screening/monitoring

2-hour post prandial urine

Collection and pooling of all urine voided within 24 hours

24-hours urine

Series of urine samples collected at specific time intervals for comparison

Fractional specimen (double-voided)

Px voids or urinates into a clean contained (no specific timing)

Regular voided

First and last drop of uninterrupted urination are discarded while _____ is collected

Midstream

Cleaning of genital prior to midstream collection

Midstream Clean-catch

Patient voids random urine inside a restroom with no water source located inside the testing area

Drug testing

Urine collection from a sterile catheter inserted through the urethra into the bladder

Catheterized

Collection through aspiration by inserting needle directly into the bladder

Suprapubic Aspiration

Catheterized is used for?

Bacterial culture

Suprapubic aspiration is used for?

Anaerobic bacterial culture and cell cytology

A soft, clear plastic bag with adhesive that are attached to the genitalia is used in?

Pediatrics

Weebags are checked every _______ until required volume is collected

15 minutes

CSF is the ___ major body fluid

3rd

Clear and colorless fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Method of collection of CSF

Lumbar puncture/spinal tap between 3rd, 4th, or 5th vertebra

CSF is collected in ______ sterile tube

3 to 4

If only one tube is filled for CSF, in what order should the tests be?

Microbiology, Cell count, chemistry/serology

Diagnosis value for CSF

Diagnosis of meningitis, brain abscess, CNS cancer, multiple sclerosis

Tests of CSF collected (from 1st to 4th tube)

Chemistry, serology, microbiology, Cell count, microbiology, immunology

This is least affected by bacteria or blood introduced as a result of collection

Chemistry, serology

Least likely to be contaminated with bacteria introduced in spinal tap

Microbiology

Least likely to contain cells introduced in the spinal tap

Cell count

For better exclude skin contamination

Microbiology, immunology

The storage of CSF in chemistry, serology test should be?

Frozen

The storage of CSF in microbiology test should be?

Room temperature

The storage of CSF in cell count test should be?

Refrigerated

Ultrafiltrate of plasma found in between serous cavities

Serous fluids

Lubricates the membranes of serous cavities to prevent friction as a result of movement of enclosed organs (heart, lungs, peritoneum)

Serous fluids

WHat are the specimens used in serous fluids

Pleural, pericardial, peritoneal fluid

Pleural fluid is collected through?

Thoracentesis

Pericardial fluid is collected through

Pericardiocentesis

Peritoneal fluid is collected through?

Paracentesis

SEROUS FLUID. collection tube when performing cell counts and smears

EDTA

SEROUS FLUID. collection tube when performing chemistry

Heparin/Sodium fluoride

SEROUS FLUID. collection tube when performing culture and sensitivity

Sterile

SEROUS FLUID. collection tube when performing biochemical tests

Non-additive tube

Serous fluids that are to be tested should be delivered in the laboratory within?

2 hours

If delay is expected in serous fluid, it should be stored in? except for?

Refrigerator (4C); microbial culture

CHEMICAL EXAMINATION. Decreased in tuberculosis and malignancy

Glucose

CHEMICAL EXAMINATION. Malignancy

Lactate dehydrogenase

CHEMICAL EXAMINATION. Pancreatitis, GIT perforation, intestinal necrosis

Amylase

CHEMICAL EXAMINATION. Intestinal perforation

Alkaline phosphatase

CHEMICAL EXAMINATION. Increased in bacterial peritonitis, malignancy and tuberculosis

Lactate

CHEMICAL EXAMINATION. Ruptured bladder

BUN and Creatinine

CHEMICAL EXAMINATION. Perforated peptic ulcer, ruptured appendix, bower strangulation, ruptured bladder

Ammonia

CHEMICAL EXAMINATION. Transudates: >1:1 Exudates: <1:1

Serum ascites-albumin gradient

CHEMICAL EXAMINATION. Tumor markers

CEA and CA125

Synovial fluid is also known as the?

Joint fluid

This viscous fluid circulating in diarthroses (movable joints)

Synovial fluid

This is a collection of synovial fluid wherein it is done by aspiration collection through inserting needle in between joints

Arthrocentesis