Chapter 2+3 Unit Test

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement

non-ecumene

the uninhabited area of the world.

Population Density

A measurement of population per unit land area

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture

Physiological density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

Population distribution

A measure of how spread out a population is in any given area.

Census

A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring, recording and calculating population information about the members of a given population

Total Fertility rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

Doubling time

The number of years it takes a population to double; calculated by dividing the number 72 by the rate of growth

Zero Population growth

a condition of demographic balance where the number of people in a specified population neither grows nor declines

Population explosion

a sudden, large increase in the size of a population.

Natural increase rate (NIR, RNI) and formula

Population growth is measured as the excess of live births over deaths, and it does not include immigration and emigration.

(Number of births - number of deaths) ÷ population

Crude Birth rate

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Crude death rate

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Demographic Transition model

A model of how the size of a population changes as a country develops its economy

Population composition

refers to the characteristics of a population

Population pyramid

A model used in population geography to show the age and sex distribution of a particular population

Infant Mortality rate (IMR)

A figure that describes the number of babies that die within the first year of their lives in a given population.

Child mortality rate (CMR)

A figure that describes the number of children that die between the first and fifth years of their lives in a given population

Life expectancy (longevity rate)

A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live

Infectious diseases

A disease that is caused by a pathogen and that can be spread from one individual to another.

Chronic diseases (degenerative)

A disease that develops gradually and continues over a long period of time

Genetic Diseases

Genetic disorders occur when a mutation affects your genes.

Endemic

(of a disease) regularly occurring within an area or community.

Eugenic Population policies

Government policies designed to favor one racial sector over others

Expansive Population policies

an official government policy designed to encourage the population to conceive and raise multiple children.

Restrictive population policies

government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural increase

Malthusian Theory

Starvation is the inevitable result of population growth, because the population increases at a geometric rate while food supply can only increase arithmetically

Neomalthusians

A fear that a large population size could lead to a humanitarian and ecological disaster

Boserup’s Theory

Boserup argues that population growth is independent of food supply and that population increase is a cause of changes in agriculture.

Epidemiological Transition

Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

Epidemiology

the branch of medicine which deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health.

Cornucopians

optimists who question Malthus and say that markets effectively maintain a balance between population, resources, and the environment

Sex ratio

The sex ratio is the number of males per one hundred females in the population.

S- curve

traces the cyclical movement upwards and downwards in a graph

J-Curve

This is when the projection population show exponential growth

Population agglomerations

A cluster of people living in the same area.

Demographic transition model

a long-term trend of declining birth and death rates, resulting in substantive change in the age distribution of a population.

Demography

he study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations.

Intervening Opportunity

The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.

Brain Drain/Gain

The movement of skilled workers internationally represents brain gain for the countries that reap their skills and experience

Ravenstien’s Laws of Migration

A set of 11 "laws" that can be organized into three groups: the reasons why migrants move, the distance they typically move, and their characteristics.

Step Migration

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city

Forced Migration

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.

Voluntary Migration

movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity; not forced.

Refugees

A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

Internally Displaced people

People who have been displaced within their own countries and do not cross international borders as they flee.

Chain Migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

Remittances

transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated

Selective Immigration

Process to control immigration in which individuals with certain background are barred from immigrating.

Migration Streams

A migration stream is defined as the total number of migratory events from place A to place B during a given time.

Internal Migration

Permanent movement within a particular country.

International Migration

nternational migration is the movement of people across borders

Dependency Ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

Population Pyramid Metrics

Age, Sex, dependency ratio

What cant a population pyramid show you?

Does not show migration/immigration

What stage does zero population growth occur?

Between stages 4 and 5

What Malthusian thought vs what actually happened

Thought that the population would grow so much that there wouldn’t be enough food for everyone.

He didn’t account for advances in technology that made it so this didn’t happen

What US census region has the highest rate?

South

What US census region had the highest rate

West

How do medical advances change metrics?

Lowers death rate, infant mortality rate, child mortality rate

Increases life expectancy

What does this map show?

Ecumene

what are the diseases for stage 1?

Pestilence, famine, parasitic diseases, infectious diseases

What are the diseases for stage 2?

Infectious diseases due to people crowded together- the black plague

What are the diseases for stage 3?

Chronic disorders,cardiovascular diseases, various forms of cancer

What are the diseases for stage 4?

Cardiovascular diseases, cancer

What are the diseases for stage 5?

Reemergence of infections and parasitic diseases

Push factor for potato famine

Environmental- not enough potatoes for everyone to eat

Pronatilist policy examples

South Korea- Govt sets up blind dating for singles and lets people leave work early

Antinatilist policy examples

China’s one-child policy

What stage is this country?

Stage 2

What stage is this country?

Stage 4

What stage is this country?

Stage 5

Zelinsky’s mobility transition model

Phase 1: Pre-Modern: Ancient world, slow growth, movement
to cities

Phase 2: Early transition: massive movement to cities
Phase 3: Late transition: Massive but relaxed movement to
cities
Phase 4: Advanced society: Cities have grown and more have
appeared. Movement to cities is leveling off
Phase 5: Future super-advanced society, countryside is mostly
gone, movement inter-city now

What do these maps show?

Ecumene

Asian Financial Crisis 1997 push factor

Economic- people don’t have enough money

Haiti push factors (2)

Political- political unrest

Environmental- hurricane