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Ecumene
The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement
non-ecumene
the uninhabited area of the world.
Population Density
A measurement of population per unit land area
Arithmetic Density
The total number of people divided by the total land area.
Agricultural Density
The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture
Physiological density
The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.
Population distribution
A measure of how spread out a population is in any given area.
Census
A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring, recording and calculating population information about the members of a given population
Total Fertility rate (TFR)
The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.
Doubling time
The number of years it takes a population to double; calculated by dividing the number 72 by the rate of growth
Zero Population growth
a condition of demographic balance where the number of people in a specified population neither grows nor declines
Population explosion
a sudden, large increase in the size of a population.
Natural increase rate (NIR, RNI) and formula
Population growth is measured as the excess of live births over deaths, and it does not include immigration and emigration.
(Number of births - number of deaths) Ă· population
Crude Birth rate
The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Crude death rate
The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Demographic Transition model
A model of how the size of a population changes as a country develops its economy
Population composition
refers to the characteristics of a population
Population pyramid
A model used in population geography to show the age and sex distribution of a particular population
Infant Mortality rate (IMR)
A figure that describes the number of babies that die within the first year of their lives in a given population.
Child mortality rate (CMR)
A figure that describes the number of children that die between the first and fifth years of their lives in a given population
Life expectancy (longevity rate)
A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live
Infectious diseases
A disease that is caused by a pathogen and that can be spread from one individual to another.
Chronic diseases (degenerative)
A disease that develops gradually and continues over a long period of time
Genetic Diseases
Genetic disorders occur when a mutation affects your genes.
Endemic
(of a disease) regularly occurring within an area or community.
Eugenic Population policies
Government policies designed to favor one racial sector over others
Expansive Population policies
an official government policy designed to encourage the population to conceive and raise multiple children.
Restrictive population policies
government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural increase
Malthusian Theory
Starvation is the inevitable result of population growth, because the population increases at a geometric rate while food supply can only increase arithmetically
Neomalthusians
A fear that a large population size could lead to a humanitarian and ecological disaster
Boserup’s Theory
Boserup argues that population growth is independent of food supply and that population increase is a cause of changes in agriculture.
Epidemiological Transition
Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition
Epidemiology
the branch of medicine which deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health.
Cornucopians
optimists who question Malthus and say that markets effectively maintain a balance between population, resources, and the environment
Sex ratio
The sex ratio is the number of males per one hundred females in the population.
S- curve
traces the cyclical movement upwards and downwards in a graph
J-Curve
This is when the projection population show exponential growth
Population agglomerations
A cluster of people living in the same area.
Demographic transition model
a long-term trend of declining birth and death rates, resulting in substantive change in the age distribution of a population.
Demography
he study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations.
Intervening Opportunity
The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.
Brain Drain/Gain
The movement of skilled workers internationally represents brain gain for the countries that reap their skills and experience
Ravenstien’s Laws of Migration
A set of 11 "laws" that can be organized into three groups: the reasons why migrants move, the distance they typically move, and their characteristics.
Step Migration
Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city
Forced Migration
Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.
Voluntary Migration
movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity; not forced.
Refugees
A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster
Internally Displaced people
People who have been displaced within their own countries and do not cross international borders as they flee.
Chain Migration
migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
Remittances
transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated
Selective Immigration
Process to control immigration in which individuals with certain background are barred from immigrating.
Migration Streams
A migration stream is defined as the total number of migratory events from place A to place B during a given time.
Internal Migration
Permanent movement within a particular country.
International Migration
nternational migration is the movement of people across borders
Dependency Ratio
The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force
Population Pyramid Metrics
Age, Sex, dependency ratio
What cant a population pyramid show you?
Does not show migration/immigration
What stage does zero population growth occur?
Between stages 4 and 5
What Malthusian thought vs what actually happened
Thought that the population would grow so much that there wouldn’t be enough food for everyone.
He didn’t account for advances in technology that made it so this didn’t happen
What US census region has the highest rate?
South
What US census region had the highest rate
West
How do medical advances change metrics?
Lowers death rate, infant mortality rate, child mortality rate
Increases life expectancy
What does this map show?
Ecumene
what are the diseases for stage 1?
Pestilence, famine, parasitic diseases, infectious diseases
What are the diseases for stage 2?
Infectious diseases due to people crowded together- the black plague
What are the diseases for stage 3?
Chronic disorders,cardiovascular diseases, various forms of cancer
What are the diseases for stage 4?
Cardiovascular diseases, cancer
What are the diseases for stage 5?
Reemergence of infections and parasitic diseases
Push factor for potato famine
Environmental- not enough potatoes for everyone to eat
Pronatilist policy examples
South Korea- Govt sets up blind dating for singles and lets people leave work early
Antinatilist policy examples
China’s one-child policy
What stage is this country?
Stage 2
What stage is this country?
Stage 4
What stage is this country?
Stage 5
Zelinsky’s mobility transition model
Phase 1: Pre-Modern: Ancient world, slow growth, movement
to cities
Phase 2: Early transition: massive movement to cities
Phase 3: Late transition: Massive but relaxed movement to
cities
Phase 4: Advanced society: Cities have grown and more have
appeared. Movement to cities is leveling off
Phase 5: Future super-advanced society, countryside is mostly
gone, movement inter-city now
What do these maps show?
Ecumene
Asian Financial Crisis 1997 push factor
Economic- people don’t have enough money
Haiti push factors (2)
Political- political unrest
Environmental- hurricane