CHAPTER 10 - MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS

Animal cells are surrounded by an ___ (bone and cartilage of animals)

ECM

Plant cells are surrounded by a ___ ___ (woody parts of plants)

cell wall

The major macromolecules of the ECM are ___ and ___

proteins, polysaccharides

multicellular species have a larger ___ than unicellular species.

genome

larger genome = larger ___

proteome

animal cells ___ materials that form an ECM which provides support and organization to the cell

secrete

The most abundant proteins in the ECM are those that form ___ ___

large fibers

The polysaccharides attract water and give the ECM a ___-___ character

gel-like

four important roles of the ECM are:

strength, structural support, tissue organization, cell signaling

The ___ of many animals are composed primarily of ECM

bones

___ proteins adhere ECM components together and to the cell surface

adhesive

what are two adhesive proteins?

fibronectin and laminin

___ proteins form large fibers that give the ECM its strength and elasticity

structural

what are two examples of structural proteins?

collagen and elastin

___ provides high tensile strength to many parts of an animals body. It is the main protein found in bones, cartilage, tendons, skin, and the lining of blood vessels.

-this is the main structural protein as more than 25% of the total protein mass consists of collagen

collagen

___ provides elasticity (rubber band — stretching under pressure and snaps back when tension is released)

elastin

___ are the second major component of the ECM in animals.

polysaccharides

what is the first major component of ECM in animals?

proteins

What are the most abundant type of polysaccharide in the ECM for vertebrates?

glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

GAGs are highly ___ which attracts + ions and water

negative

The high water content in the ECM gives it a ___-___ character

gel like

the majority of GAGs in the ECM are linked to core proteins, forming ___

proteoglycans

GAGs and proteoglycans resist ___. The ECM has a gel like character which makes it difficult to compress

compression

___ is important in the ECM for invertebrates. It forms the exoskeleton of anthropods.

chitin

___ ___ attach cells to each other and to the ECM.

anchoring junctions

Anchoring junctions rely on ___ ___ ___ (CAMs)

cell adhesion molecules

what are two types of CAMs?

cadherins and integrins

Cadherins are CAMs that create ___-to-___ junctions

cell, cell

___ ___ are not mechanically strong because they do not have connections with the cytoskeleton

tight junctions