Upper GI - Muscles, nerves, and blood vessels

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Orbicularis Oris m.

Circular muscle of the lips; closes the lips without closing the jaw

Sensory nerve supply of the lips and cheeks

The maxillary and mandibular branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)

Motor nerve supply of the lips and cheeks

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Blood supply of the lips and cheeks

Facial artery and maxillary artery

Palatinus m.

Tenses the soft palate, lifting it to close off the nasopharynx during swallowing and assists in the movement of food toward the oropharynx.

Tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini muscles

Together lift the soft palate during swallowing and tenses the soft palate, closing off the nasopharynx.

Palatopharyngeus muscles

Pull the soft palate backwards and upwards to help close the nasopharynx during swallowing and assist in phonation.

Motor nerve supply of the soft palate

Pharyngeal plexus; primarily the vagus nerve

Pharyngeal plexus

The vagus nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve

Buccinator muscle

Muscle of the cheek involved in facial expressions. Controlled by the facial nerve (CN V)

Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue

The genioglossus, styloglossus, hyloglossus, and geniohyoideus muscles. Controlled by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Genioglossus m.

Main muscle responsible for depressing and protruding the tongue.

hyloglossus and styloglossus m.

Extrinsic muscles that help in tongue movement, including retraction and elevation.

Geniohyoideus m.

An extrinsic muscle that aids in the movement of the tongue and helps depress it, not a tongue muscle but related to its movement.

Intrinsic Muscles of the Tongue

Lingualis proprius or proper lingual muscles. These muscles are responsible for changing the shape of the tongue, allowing for actions such as curling, elongating, and flattening. Combination of superficial and deep longitudinal fibers and a transverse and perpendicular fiber. Controlled by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Muscles of Mastication

Temporalis, Masseter, Pterygoideus, and Digastricus

Muscles that raise the mandible, closing the mouth (and nerve supply)

Termporalis, Masseter, and Pterygoideus (CN V)

Temporalis muscle

Muscle of mastication; larger in carnivores

Masseter muscle

Muscle of mastication; larger in herbivores

Muscle that lowers the mandible, opening the mouth (and nerve supply)

Digastricus (CN VII)

Motor nerve supply to the pharynx

Pharyngeal plexus - Vagus Nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve (CN X and CN IX), Cranial root of the accessory nerve (CN XI)

Sensory supply to lumen of the pharynx

Glossopharyngeal nerve, Vagus nerve, and Trigeminal nerve (CN IX, X, and V)

Muscles of the upper esophageal sphincter

Cricopharyngeus and thyropharyngeus muscles

Motor innervation of the esophagus

Provided by the vagus nerve (CN X); sympathetic control of skeletal muscles from the laryngeal nerve (branch of vagus) and parasympathetic for smooth muscles and mucous

Sensory innervation of the esophagus

Vagus nerve via stretch, pain, and temperature changes.

Pharyngeal constrictors

Hyopharyngeus, Thyropharyngeus, and Cricopharyngeus muscles that contract sequentially to propel food into the esophagus.

Pharyngeal shorteners

Ptygopharyngeus and Palatopharyngeus muscles that assist in swallowing by shortening the pharyngeal cavity.

Pharyngeal Dilators

Stylopharyngeus which enlarges the pharynx during swallowing.

Sensory innervation of the tongue

Taste from the chorda tympani of the facial nerve in the cranial portion of the tongue (fungiform), branches of the glossopharyngeal in the caudal portion of the tongue (vallate and foliate). General sensation from the lingual (trigeminal) and chorda tympani (facial) in the rostral part of the tongue and from the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve in the caudal part.

General sensation of the tongue; rostral 2/3

Lingual nerve of the trigeminal and chorda tympani of the facial

General sensation of the tongue; caudal 1/3

Glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves

Motor supply to the tongue

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Blood supply to the tongue

Lingual artery from the external carotid artery, sublingual artery from the facial artery

Lingual vein supply

drains blood from the tongue through the joinder of the sublingual and deep lingual veins; feeds into the linguofacial vein and ultimately the external jugular.

Blood Supply to the Parotid Gland

Parotid artery of the external carotid

Venous system of the Parotid

Radicles of the superficial temporal and great auricular veins, feeding into the external jugular.

Blood supply to the Pharynx

Major supply from the ascending pharyngeal artery and contributions from the lingual, facial, cranial laryngeal, and cranial thyroid arteries

Venous drainage from the Pharynx

Pharyngeal plexus and satellite veins drain into the internal and external jugular veins.

Blood Supply to the Cervical Esophagus

Esophageal branches of the cranial and caudal thyroid arteries

Blood Supply to the thoracic esophagus

Bronchoesophageal artery, a branch of the thoracic aorta or intercostal arteries

Blood Supply to the abdominal esophagus

The left gastric artery, a branch of the celiac artery

Venous drainage of the cervical and thoracic esophagus

Jugular, bronchoesophageal, and azygos veins

Venous drainage of the abdominal esophagus

The left gastric vein and the right gastric vein, which drain into the portal vein ultimately linking it to hepatic circulation.

Blood supply to the upper teeth

The maxillary artery and vein

Blood supply to the lower teeth

The mandibuloalveolar artery and vein

Nerve supply to the upper teeth

The infraorbital nerve (branch of the maxillary nerve which branches from the trigeminal)

Nerve Supply to the lower teeth

The inferior alveolar nerve (branch of the mandibular nerve which branches from the trigeminal)