CELL STRUCTURE AND TRANSPORT - BIO FINAL

Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes

Structurually simple cells with no membrane bound organelles. Includes Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.

Eukaryotes

Structurally complex cells with membrane bound organelles. Includes protoctista, fungal cells, plant cells and animal cells.

Binary fission

process of cell division in prokaryotes

Cell wall

Cell structure that provides protection and structural support

Pili

External thread like structures that allow attachment and genetic exchange in prokaryotes

Flagella

whip like structure that enables movement in some prokaryotes. Also in sperm.

Plasma membrane

Cell membrane that enables selective transport of materials into and out of cell

Cytoplasm

Fluid that contains solutes and enzymes / site of many metabolic processes inside cell

70S ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis in prokaryotes

80S ribosomes

Enables protein synthesis within the eukaryotic cells

Nucleus

Membrane bound organelle that contains genetic information

Mitochondria

Membrane bound organelle that enables cellular respiration

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Organelle that enables protien synthesis (with ribosomes on ER surface) and transports proteins to golgi bodies

Lysosomes

Membrane bound organelle that contain enzymes for intracellular digestion

Golgi apparatus

Membrane bound organelle that modifies and packages proteins for export / produces vesicles for exocytosis

Organelles

Membrane bound cell structures.

Electron microscopes

High power microscopes that generate images using electrons not light.

Centriole

Organelle associated with cell division. Forms the spindle during cell division. Only in animal cells.

Cilia

Short hair-like. They move backward and forward in waves. They may be used for moving themselves, moving other particles (eg. food). Also on lung cells.

Vesicles

Very small vacuoles

Vacuole

Membrane bag with no inner structure used for fluid or food storage.

Cell theory

Idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

spontaneous generation

Mistaken idea that living things can arise from nonliving matter

Louis Pateur's experiments

Used "swan-necked" flasks on microbial growth disproving spontaneous generation

Striated muscle

Muscle cells have more than one nucleus per cell. Challenges the idea that a cell has one nucleus that controls cell function.

Aseptate fungal hyphae

Fungal threads with continuous cell membrane. Multinucleate. Challenges the idea that a cell is a single unit.

Giant algae (Acetabularia)

Single-celled organism that challenges both the idea that cells must be simple in structure and small in size.

Plasmids

Small circular DNA molecules in prokaryote cells

Conjugation

In bacteria, the transfer of plasmid DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined.

Plant cells

Eukaryotic cells with cellulose cell wall, chloroplasts and large central vacuole.

Animal cells

Eukaryotic cells that lacks cell wall, lacks chloroplasts and lacks large central vacuole

Protist cells (protoctista)

Unicellular free-living eukaryotic cells

Fungal cells

Eukaryotic cells that contain a chitin cell wall.

Virus

A tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell.

Light microscope

light passes through one or more lenses to produce an enlarged image of a specimen

Magnification

Ratio of an object's image size to its real size eg. light microscope 400x

Resolution

Shortest distance between two points that can be distinguished. Limits magnification.

Surface area to volume ratio

Ratio of a cell's outside area to its internal volume. Affects maximum cell size.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

An internal transport system with various functions eg. transport proteins, making lipids

Microtubules

Tube proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella.

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes and controls nucleus activiies

Eye spot

light detecting organelle found in unicellular organisms.

Contractile vacuoles

Vacuoles found in many freshwater protists that pump excess water out of cells

Oral groove

Where a protists such as paramecium take in food

Metabolism

All the enzyme- catalysed reactions in a cell or organism, e.g. respiration

MR H GREN

Functions of living organisms - Metabolism, Response, Homeostasis, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition

Response

Sensing respond to and interact with the environment

Homeostasis

The maintenance and regulation of internal cell conditions, e.g. water and pH

Growth

Living things can grow or change size / shape usually by adding new cells

Excretion

The removal of metabolic waste

Nutrition

Feeding by either the synthesis of organic molecules (e.g. photosynthesis) or the absorption of organic matter

Reproduction

Living things produce offspring, either sexually or asexually

Reductionism

The approach of reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study.

Emergent properties

New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.