Studied by 6 people
A- Our earliest memories are rarely before our 3rd birthday
studies confirm that the average age of earliest conscious memory is 3.5 years (childhood amnesia)
B- By 4 or 5, childhood amnesia gives way to remembered experiences
memories of our preschool years are very few because we organize our memories differently, after age 3 or 4. As the brain cortex matures, toddlers gain a sense of self and their long term storage increases
C- Although we consciously remember little before age 4, some memories exist during and beyond those early years
Sensorimotor Stage- From birth to almost 2 years old, Infants take in the world through their sensory and motor interactions with objects
Ex. Through looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, and grasping
(Developmental Phenomena during stage):
Before the age of 6, infants lack Object Permanence- the awareness that objects still exist even when not seen. By 8 months, infants begin exhibiting memory for things not seen
B) Stranger Anxiety
Preoperational Stage- From 2 to 6 or 7 years old. A child learns to use language but does not yet understand concrete logic. Represents things with words and images and use intuitive (primitive) reasoning (thinking). Does not yet think concretely.
Preoperational children lack conservation because they have centration - they pay attention to only one aspect of an object or situation
They also lack reversibility- the ability to perform a mental operation and then reverse one’s thinking to the starting point. Ex. If 7+5 is 12, then 12-5 is 7.
(Developmental Phenomena During the Stage):
A) Pretend Play
B) Language Development
C) Egocentrism- Have difficulty perceiving from another’s point of view
Ex. A two year old is asked to show her mother her picture and she holds it up facing her own eyes
D) Still forming theory of mind- ability to infer other’s mental states
About 6 or 7-11 years old. Children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events, grasp concrete analogies and form mathematical operations - (concrete thinking is based on what is perceived and reflects actual experiences. It’s literal; right now)
(Developmental Phenomena during Stage):
A) Conservation- that changes in shape doesn’t mean change in quantity.
Ex. The same pizza cut into 6 or 8 slices is still the same amount as the original
B) Comprehend mathematical transformations
Ex. A 6 year old may take 5 seconds to tell you 4+8 is 12 and another five to compute 12-4 is 8. By age 8, she could answer the second question instantly. They can easily reverse simple math.
C) Seriation- arranging things in logical progression.
Ex. Lining sticks from smallest to largest
D) Transitivity- ability to infer a relationship between two objects on the basis of knowledge of their respective relationship with a third object
Ex. Tom is taller than Becky and Becky is taller than Fred, so Tom is taller than Fred
E) Class Inclusion
Separated monkeys from their mothers shortly after birth and raised them in individual cages, which included a blanket, which they became intensely attached to. When the blankets were taken to be washed, the monkeys became stressed out. This attachment to the blanket contradicted the idea that attachment comes from an association with nourishment
They then put the drawing power of food up against the contact comfort of the blanket by creating two artificial mothers. one was bare wire cylinder with a wooden head and a bottle, the other was wrapped in the blanket.
Monkeys became more attached with the cloth mother, even while feeding from the nourishing mother. They’d cling to it when anxious
The Mother’s behavior's
sensitive, responsive mothers had infants who showed secure attachment
insensitive, unresponsive mothers had infants who often became insecurely attached
follow up studies confirm sensitive mothers and fathers tend to have securely attached infants
Authoritarian- parents who impose rules and expect obedience.
Ex. Don’t interrupt, clean your room, don’t stay out late or you’ll be grounded. Why? because I said so
Permissive- parents who submit to their child’s desires, make few demands and use little punishment
Authoritative- parents who are both demanding and responsive. They exert control by setting and enforcing rules and explaining the reasons
With older children, they encourage open discussion and allow exceptions when making the rules
Preconventional Morality- before age 9, most children have a preconventional morality of self interest. They obey either to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards.
Ex. If you save your wife, you’re a hero"
Conventional Morality- by early adolescence, morality usually evolves to a more conventional level that caves for others and upholds laws and social rules simply because they are laws and rules.
Ex. If you steal the drug, everyone will think you’re a criminal
Postconventional Morality- some who develop the abstract reasoning of formal operational though may come to a 3rd level. post conventional morality affirms people’s agreed- upon rights or follows what one personally perceives asbosic ethical principle
Ex. People have a right to live
Trust v. Mistrust- Infancy (birth to 1) If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust
2)Autonomy (Independence) v. Shame and Doubt- Toddlerhood (1 and 2) Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities
3)Initiative v. Guilt- Preschooler (3-5 years old). Preschoolers want to explore their physical and social environment and learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent
4)Competence v. Inferiority- Elementary school (6 to puberty) children learn to pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior
Success brings good feelings, failure creates a negative self image
5) identity v. Role confusion- Adolescence (teen years to the 20’s) teens work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are
Who am I as an individual? What do I want to do with my life? What values should I live by? What do I believe in?
To do this teens tend to turn away from their parents and towards their peers
Intimacy v. Isolation- Young adulthood (20’s to early 40’s) Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel isolated
Generativity v. Stagnation- Middle adulthood (40’s to 60’s) In middle age, people discover a sense of contribution to the world. usually through family and work, or they may a lack of purpose
Integrity v. Despair- late adulthood (Late 60’s and up) when reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure.
Ex. Either you accept the things you’ve done or regret them.
