History of Christianity Final

History of Christianity Final

Peace of God

"Who: Church leaders; What: Movement limiting violence against noncombatants; When: Late 10th–early 11th c.; Where: France"

Gothic

"Who: Medieval architects; What: Architectural style with pointed arches

Gregory I the Great

"Who: Pope Gregory I; What: Strengthened papal authority

Investiture Controversy

"Who: Popes vs Holy Roman Emperors; What: Conflict over appointing bishops; When: Late 11th–early 12th c.; Where: Holy Roman Empire/Rome"

Henry III

"Who: Holy Roman Emperor; What: Controlled papal appointments; When: Reigned 1039–1056; Where: Holy Roman Empire"

Justinian

"Who: Byzantine Emperor; What: Codified Roman law (Corpus Juris Civilis); When: 527–565; Where: Byzantine Empire"

Iconoclasm

"Who: Byzantine emperors; What: Destruction/rejection of religious images; When: 8th–9th c.; Where: Byzantine Empire"

Leo the Isaurian

"Who: Byzantine Emperor Leo III; What: Began iconoclasm; When: Reigned 717–741; Where: Byzantine Empire"

Foundation Charter of Cluny

"Who: Duke William of Aquitaine; What: Founded Cluny monastery independent of lay control; When: 910; Where: Cluny

Charlemagne

"Who: King of the Franks/Emperor; What: United Western Europe

Carolingian Renaissance

"Who: Charlemagne and scholars; What: Revival of learning and literacy; When: Late 8th–9th c.; Where: Frankish Empire"

Muhammad

"Who: Prophet of Islam; What: Received revelations forming the Qur’an; When: c. 570–632; Where: Mecca and Medina"

Simony

"Who: Church officials/lay rulers; What: Buying or selling church offices; When: Early–mid Middle Ages; Where: Western Europe"

Saxon Capitulary

"Who: Charlemagne; What: Law enforcing Christianity on Saxons; When: c. 782; Where: Saxony (Germany)"

Gero Crucifix

"Who: Archbishop Gero; What: Crucifix emphasizing Christ’s suffering; When: c. 970; Where: Cologne

Lay Investiture

"Who: Secular rulers; What: Appointment of bishops by laymen; When: Early Middle Ages; Where: Western Europe"

Papal Pornocracy

"Who: Roman noble families; What: Period of papal corruption; When: c. 900–1050; Where: Rome"

Cathars

"Who: Heretical Christian group; What: Dualist belief rejecting material world; When: 12th–13th c.; Where: Southern France"

Leo IX

"Who: Pope Leo IX; What: Early reform pope opposing simony; When: 1049–1054; Where: Rome"

Urban II

"Who: Pope Urban II; What: Called First Crusade; When: 1095; Where: Council of Clermont

Crusades

"Who: Western Christians; What: Military campaigns to reclaim holy land; When: Began 1096; Where: Middle East"

Peter Damian

"Who: Monk and reformer; What: Advocated clerical reform; When: 1007–1072; Where: Italy"

Francis of Assisi

"Who: Founder of Franciscans; What: Promoted poverty and imitation of Christ; When: 1181/82–1226; Where: Italy"

Papal Monarchy

"Who: Reform popes; What: Centralized papal authority; When: 12th–13th c.; Where: Western Christendom"

St. Boniface

"Who: Missionary bishop; What: Converted Germanic peoples; When: c. 675–754; Where: German lands"

Letter to Baugulf

"Who: Charlemagne; What: Urged educational reform; When: Late 8th c.; Where: Frankish Empire"

Vita Apostolica

"Who: Reform clergy/monks; What: Living like the apostles; When: 11th–12th c.; Where: Western Europe"

Anselm

"Who: Archbishop of Canterbury; What: Faith seeking understanding; When: 1033–1109; Where: England"

Peter Abelard

"Who: Scholastic theologian; What: Applied reason to theology; When: 1079–1142; Where: France"

Bernard of Clairvaux

"Who: Cistercian monk; What: Monastic reformer and crusade supporter; When: 1090–1153; Where: France"