pd week 6 rhuari

Sigmund Freud

dreams has either aggressive or sexual meaning

id

cares about immediate satisfaction, only unconscious, have an idea about it through dreams and stress

ego

mediates between id and reality, synonymous with the conscious self

superego

Appears after the age of 5, includes societal and moral standards, both conscious and unconscious

Frued's defensive mechanisms

prevents the ego from being anxious all the time - unconscious and distort inner or outer reality to relieve anxiety

List describes least mature first and last is most mature
1. psychotic type: denial or alteration of reality
2. acting out: passive aggressive behaviour
3. Borderline: splitting the world in good & bad and black & white
4. neurotic: reality distortion, including repression and displacement
5. Obsessive: feeling in the absence of emotional experience, intellectualisation (threatening situation in scientific terms to be less stressed)
6. mature: humour and altruism, suppression (postpone paying attention to a conflict), sublimation ("I want to do something illegal, but I will not do to because it will have severe consequences)

Phenomenological theories of personality

emphasise the importance of immediate, personal experience as a determent of behaviour

Five Factor Model of Personality

Based on the fundamental lexical hypothesis: trait terms have survived in language because they convey important information

-\> most important traits are encoded as single in most of world's language

Cattell's factor-analytic trait theory

2 categories of traits

1. surface \= more obvious aspects of personality
2. source \= stable and constant sources of behaviour (less visible but more important in accounting for behaviour)

Association technique test

- Rorschach
- 10 inkblots, 5 grey-black and 5 coloured
- suitable for above 5
- responses are scored based on: location (use whole plot or just a part?), white space, content, form quality, thought processes, determinants

-\> asses thought disorders

The Thematic Apperception test (TAT)

- Projective
- people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
- 30 pictures portraying black and white drawings/photographs
- important that the examinee identifies the hero and projects needs and feeling onto the hero

- no standardised scoring system, difficult to evaluate, over-diagnosing psychological disturbances

TAT NEEDS

energizes peoples behaviour in the direction of their satisfaction

TAT PRESS

refers to the power of environmental events that influence a person

TAT ALPHA PRESS

objective/real external forces

TAT BETA PRESS

subjective/perceived external forces

Draw a person tests (DAP)

- asked to draw a person, and after to draw a person of "the opposite" sex and create a story between the two

-\> project acceptable impulses in the same sex and unacceptable impulses onto the opposite sex figure

-\> sized of parts of the body are in correlation to their sexual orientation

Total nonsense - Empirical support non-existent

The house-Tree-person test (H-T-P)

examinee draws three objects with crayons and pencils
the three pages age

1. the house (represents persons home life and relationships within the family)

2. the tree (represents the relation with the environment)

3. the person (represents persons interpersonal relationships)

- Complete nonsense

State-trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)

theory guided inventories - self report measuring between feeling anxious and actually have trait anxiety.

State anxiety: emotional condition characterised by tension and activation of the autonomous nervous system -\> 20 items, with 4 point scale

Trait anxiety: stable anxiety -\> 20 items, with 4 point scale

higher scores \= greater anxiety
good validity and reliability

Personality Research forms

Theory-guided inventories

- true or false
- 440 items and 22 personality scales
- very strong test-retest reliability (.80+)

Eysenck Personality Questionnaire

- factor-analytically derived
- measure the major dimensions of normal and abnormal behaviour

- 90 yes not items
- 16 +
- three major dimensions: psychoticism (p), extraversion (e), neuroticism (n) and potentially lie (l)

- Good reliability and validity

Comrey personality scales

- Factor-analytically derived
- self report inventory for college students
- 180 statements, 20 items for each of the 8 scales
- 20 additional items for validity check and social desirability in responses

1. trust VS defensiveness
2. orderliness VS lack of compulsion
3. social conformity VS rebelliousness
4. activity VS lack of energy
5. emotional stability VS neuroticism
6. extraversion VS introversion
7. mental toughness VS sensitivity
8. empathy VS egocentrism

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)

Criterion-keyed inventories - assessing wide range of pathological terms

- 567 true false items
- 4 validity scales, 10 standard clinical scales and lots of supplementary scales (validity and clinical most important)
- results are presented in T scores -\> 65 + \= presence of psychopathology
- two approaches for interpretation -\> scale by scale or configural approach (classify profile as belonging to a code type)

Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III)

-very short
- identifies clinical patterns (theory driven test)
- 11 scales measuring personality traits/styles
- 3 scales measuring severe personality pathology
- 7 scale measuring clinical syndromes
- 3 scales measuring severe syndromes
- 3 scales are validity indices

Behavioural Avoidance Test (BAT)

- an assessment of a patient's avoidance whereby the person determines how close they can come to a feared object.
- During their approach, patients also provide ratings of their fear.
- This test is used to assess initial avoidance and behavioural change through therapy.

Beck depression Inventory (BDI)

used in CBT
- short, simple self report questionnaire focussing on cognitive distortions
- 21 items (scored from 1-3)
- 13 items cover cognitive & affective components of depression
- 8 items cover somatic and performance variables

0-9 \= normal
10-19 \= mild to moderate
20-29 \= moderate to severe
30+ \= severe depression

very reliable (30%) in identifying MDD
but patients can hide symptoms

Rapid Couples Interaction Scoring System (RCISS)

Analogue behavioural assessment
- clinical asks questions about conflict for 5-7 minutes and observes communication between the couples
- clinician matches the couples behaviour with 22 standard codes
- these 22 codes asses listing behaviours, verbal and nonverbal communication, humour, smiling, disagreement, compromise

personality test construction

- top down
- bottom up
- lexical

Top down

start general and become more specific (item construction is based on the meaning of certain constructs)

Bottom up

personality traits influence specific life domains (MMPI)

Lexical

rating is based on personality statements (NEO)

Severity Index of personality Pathology (SIPP-118)

top down measure - looks at bigger factors before looking at smaller ones
scores on five clinical scales
1. self-control
2. identify integration
3. relational concordance
4. responsibility
5. social concordance