Unit 1 and 2: AP Euro

Italy

- Birthplace of a new age

- Location provided for a unique position for trade and rediscovery (more disposable wealth for art and literature)

- Major city states: source of wealth

Price Revolution

- Subsitence Agriculture changed by commercialization, more money by growing and selling

- More expensive grain created hardship for workers (supply, demand, created inflation)

- New Banking practices:

1. Family Based banking houses (Medici)

2. Market centers in Genoa, Amsterdam, and London eventually took over small family run banks

New Trends in the arts

1. Commercial patrons: business people paid artists

2. church patrons

3. Govt patrons

Social Development

Social class:

1. Traditional elite: nobles, inherited land

2. New elite: based on commercial activities

3. Working class

- Western Europe: feudalism goes into decline

- Eastern Europe: nobles made it even more strict

Family

1. Economic Role: advantage to have more children

2. Marriage: often viewed as it will bring more wealth

Politics

1. Political structure in Renassiance Italy: city states, controlled by commercial cities

2. Invasions from the North: French and Spanish

3. Political Philosophy: Macavelli

New Influences on Intelluctual Thought

1. Humanism: focus on classical

2. Individualism

3. Secularism: moving away from focus on religion

Leading Writers of Italy

1. Dante Alighieri: Heaven, Hell, prigotory

2. Francesco Petrarch: founder of humanism, embraces humanistic ideas

3. Giovanni Boccaccio: short stories about real life, writes in vernacular instead of Latin

4. Lorenzo Valla: founder of historial criticism I

Impact of patronage

1. Commercial: business, extra money to commission art

2. Civic: local gov'ts to commission art

3. Church: decoration for their churches

The leading writers of the Northern Renaissance

1. Thomas More: writes Etopia, secular society, political leader

2. Francois Rabelais: sexual themes and humor, exposing French society

3. Erasmus: humanist in Northern Europe, version of bible in Greek

Political Developments during the Renaissance Period

A. Terriorial Unification

1) Monarchs sought to unify their states through purchase, conquest, or marrying into power.

B. Increasing Centralization of govt

1) Worked to establish a monopoly on tax collection

2) Increase control over military forces

3) gain control of law courts

4) gain right to determine religion of subjects

C. Limiting the power and influence of the nobility

1) Kings began to maintain standing armies to avoid dependence on nobles

D. Royal encouragement of commerce and industry

1) Built roads and canals to improve trade

2) Protective tariffs helped industries grow

England

A. Henry VII

1) Victorius in the war of Roses

2) created star chamber to help control nobles

B. Henry VIII

1) Catherine of Aragon: annocment of annulment

2) Act Of Supremacy: gave him control of the church and allowed him to auction church properties

3) Anglican Church

C. Mary I

1) Church separation completed, only to be reversed

2) Went back to catholic church

D. Elizabeth I

1) Elizabethan settlement: can be whatever religion in private, must be Anglican in public

France

A. Louis XI

1) Formed coalition to kill Charles X of Burgundy

2) Called the Estates General only once

B. Charles VIII and Louis XII

1) Both attempted to conquer Italy

C. Francis I

1) invaded Italy and took control of Milan

2) Struggle between French Monarchy and Hapsburg dynasty for control of Europe

3) Called for burning of heretics

D. Henry II

1) Ended French invasions of Italy

2) continued effots to suppress protestant belifs

E. Francis II

1) rivalry between Catholics and Huguenots foreshadows impending Civil war

F. Charles IX

1) Day of massacre led to a new protestant uprising

2) eventually France was plunged into civil war between catholics and Huguenots

Spain

A. Ferdinand and Isabella

1) Marriage unified Aragon and Castille

2) Consolidated Control of the military

3) New World increased wealth and led to establishment of Mercantilist Economy

English Reformation

- Henry VIII broke with the Catholic church over marriage and property --> Anglican

- Elizabeth I strengthened the break with Rome but moderate in her reforms

Catholic Reformation

- Pope Raul III called for reform within Catholic Church

- Inqusition recived more power in order to crack down on hersey

- Igantius Loyola set up new Catholic religious order: Jesuits

Persecutions of "non Christians"

- Witch hunts: Catholics and Protestants competed to prove their religious purity

- Antisemitism increased

- Ghettos

Martin Luther

- salvation through faith alone

- priesthood of all believers

- primacy of scripture

- anti Semitism

- Lutherans

John Calvin

- salvation vs. hell

- predestination: only God's "chosen people" could reach heaven

Balthasar Hubmair

- adult baptism

- separation of church and state

Why did Europeans become more interested in exploration after 1400?

- Old trade routes with Asia had broken down

- Mongol Empire began to break up

- Bubonic plague: decreased trade along old land routes

- Interest in spices did not decrease

How did the Scientific Revolution encourage exploration?

- New technology helped explorers

- Caravel

- Astrolabe

How did Reniassance attitudes encourage exploration?

- individualism

- secularism

Renassiance --> Reformation

- Eramus: Advocated that Christians should study the bible and believed that such study should promote reform and improvement in one's spiritual life

- Lorenzo Valla: skeptical attitude regarding ancient and medieval documents helped promote general distrust of royal and catholic authority since their claims to power turned out to be based on false documents.

- Savonrola: Condemnation of the clergy and pope ancitipated the later concerns expressed by leaders of the protestant reformation

How did Reformation contribute to the motives of exploration?

- Missionaries--> travel to spread Christianity

- competition for souls

Why did Portugal take the lead in the age of European discovery?

A. Location of Portugal

1) land's end: searched for fishing grounds in Cape Cod

2) proximity to Africa

B. Important Leaders

1. Prince Henry

- 1450S: school of navigation

2. Batholomeu Dias

- 1488: Indian Ocean

3. Vasco Da Gama

- 1497- 1498: India

4. Pedro Cabral

- 1500: starts Brazil colony

5. Albuquerque

- 1511: wanted to dominate spice trade in Indian Ocean

C. Support from the church

- Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): Pope Alexander VI set line of demarcation that assigned the Portugese exclusive trade rights in Africa and Asia

Why did Spain replace Portugal as the leading country for exploration?

A. Government of Ferdidnad and Isabella

- Brought Spain together poltically and religiously

- Marriage into Hapsburg family expanded resources and political ambitions

B. Leading explorers that worked for Spain:

- Columbus (Italian): search for Spice islands

- Amerigo Vespucci (Italian)

- Balboa (Italian): Pacific Ocean

- Magellan (Portugese)

C. treaty of tordesillas: allowed Spanish claims in Americas without interference from Portugal

English Exploration

A. Henry VII

B. Henry VIII

- Henry Hudson

C. Elizabeth I

- Sir Walter Raliegh

- The lost colony

D. James I

- Jamestown

E. Charles I

- Charleston

Netherlands Exploration

A. Independence from Spain

- Catholic vs. Calvinism

B. Government of Holland

- New York city

C. Important Explorers

- Henry Hudson- New Amsterdam for Holland

(Dutch and English violate Treaty of Todesillas because they were not Catholic)

French Exploration

- Did it because everyone else was

A. Valois Monarchs

B. Bourbon Monarchs through Louis XIV

C. Jacques Cartier

- Quebec

- Montrell

- Lake Champlain

Spanish Settlement in the Americas

A. Central America

B. Caribbean

C. South America

Early Profitability of the Columbian Exchange

A. Silver

B. Slavery

C. Sugar

Long term impact of Columbian Exchange in Europe

A. Rise in population (food)

B. Atlantic Revolution: economic leaders moved to America

C. Price Revolution: higher prices, inflation

Birth of global economy

A. Trade of Porcelain

B. Development of slave trade

Spain's Global economy

A. Phillipines

B. North and South America