Comprehensive Community & Public Health Nursing: Assessment, Education, and Disaster Response

What are the key objectives of health education?

Ways people learn, principles of health education, role of literacy, types of health education, nurse's role, and ethical issues.

Define a community.

A group of people with shared characteristics, geography, or interests.

What is the purpose of community assessment?

To identify community needs, inform policy and planning, and foster community engagement.

List some social determinants of health.

Education, employment, housing, transportation, food access, healthcare.

What is the goal of addressing social determinants of health?

To address root causes holistically, not just symptoms.

What are the phases of community assessment?

Formulating partnerships, assessment phase, diagnosis of community problems, planning interventions, implementation, and evaluation.

What does SMART stand for in goal setting?

Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound.

What is a Windshield Survey?

A method of observing community infrastructure, housing, safety, and public spaces.

What is health literacy?

The ability to obtain, process, and understand health information for decision-making.

What are some causes of low health literacy?

Limited education, cognitive decline, learning disabilities.

What is the role of a nurse educator?

To advocate for resources, facilitate understanding, and build community health capacity.

What are the core functions of public health nursing?

Assessment, policy development, and assurance.

What is Public Health 3.0?

A modern, data-driven, and equity-focused approach to improve social determinants of health.

What are the levels of prevention in public health?

Primary (prevent disease), Secondary (early detection), Tertiary (limit complications).

What historical figure is known for sanitation and nursing training?

Florence Nightingale.

What is the goal of community health?

To address needs, promote access, and empower the community.

What is the significance of the Elizabethan Era in public health?

It introduced public health laws and care often provided by untrained women.

What is the role of data in population health?

To track health indicators and guide actions for defined groups.

What are some examples of public health functions?

Sanitation, safe water, safe food, workplace safety, immunizations.

What challenges does the healthcare system face in the US?

Aging population, chronic illness rise, high costs, workforce shortages.

What is the impact of global health policies?

They address social/economic factors, environment, climate change, and health crises.

What is the importance of community engagement in health education?

It fosters trust, involvement, and collaboration among community members.

What does the term 'community-oriented nursing' refer to?

Nursing that emphasizes collaboration and local empowerment within specific communities.

What is the significance of the 1970s in public health history?

It marked the growth of hospice, birth centers, rehabilitation, and a focus on prevention.

Who introduced sanitation and formal nurse training?

Florence Nightingale

What significant contributions did Lillian Wald and Mary Breckinridge make in the 20th century?

Lillian Wald established the Visiting Nurse Service; Mary Breckinridge founded Frontier Nursing.

What major public health developments occurred in the 1970s and beyond?

Growth of hospice, rehabilitation centers, and prevention programs.

What are the key areas highlighted by the CDC in modern public health?

Tobacco control, safe water/food, immunizations, and vehicle safety.

What are the core functions of public health?

Assessment, Policy Development, Assurance.

What does Public Health 3.0 emphasize?

Equity, data-driven action, and stronger systems.

What is primary prevention?

Preventing disease before it occurs.

What is secondary prevention?

Detecting and treating conditions early.

What is tertiary prevention?

Minimizing complications and supporting rehabilitation.

What is the goal of health education?

To empower people and communities with culturally sensitive, actionable health knowledge.

What are common challenges to health literacy?

Misunderstanding instructions, trouble with paperwork, poor care navigation.

What is the role of a Public Health Nurse?

Works at the population level, focusing on prevention and equity.

What current healthcare trends are impacting the system?

Aging population, rising chronic illnesses, high healthcare costs, workforce shortages, and technological improvements.

What are the primary modes of HIV transmission?

Sexual contact, sharing needles, perinatal transmission, blood transfusion/organ transplant, breastfeeding.

What are the signs and symptoms of gonorrhea in men?

Burning urination, purulent discharge, swollen testes.

What are the primary prevention strategies for STIs?

Risk assessments, education, safer sex practices, vaccinations, and needle exchange programs.

What is the definition of tuberculosis (TB)?

An airborne bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

What are the signs and symptoms of tuberculosis?

Cough lasting more than 3 weeks, chest pain, hemoptysis, fatigue, fever, night sweats, weight loss.

What does ART stand for in the context of HIV treatment?

Antiretroviral Therapy.

What is the significance of the Healthy People 2030 objectives?

To reduce STI rates, improve access to care, and increase vaccination rates.

What are opportunistic infections associated with AIDS?

Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, oral candidiasis, TB, cervical cancer.

What is the definition of hepatitis?

Viral infections of the liver, with A, B, and C being the most common.

What does MDR-TB stand for?

Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis.

What is the treatment for scabies?

Permethrin cream or ivermectin.

What are some factors that contribute to substance use disorders?

Lack of knowledge, lack of proper labeling, lack of quality control, and lack of primary interventions.

How does low health literacy contribute to substance use disorders?

It leads to the belief that prescribed drugs are 'safe' and a limited awareness of addictive properties.

What is a societal consequence of substance use disorders?

High emergency department visits, significant overdose deaths, and increased healthcare burden.

What percentage of inmates are incarcerated for drug-related crimes?

A large percentage, with 1 in 5 inmates imprisoned for drug offenses.

Who are considered high-risk groups for substance use disorders?

Adolescents, older adults, IV drug users, and low-income groups.

What is primary prevention in the context of substance use disorders?

Stopping use before it starts by identifying at-risk populations and providing education on risks.

What is the FRAMES approach in secondary prevention?

Feedback, Responsibility, Advice, Menu of options, Empathy, Self-efficacy.

What does tertiary prevention aim to do?

Reduce harm of ongoing use through detoxification, support groups, and treatment centers.

What are some objectives of Healthy People 2030 regarding substance use disorders?

Reduce rates of substance use disorder, increase treatment access, and focus on prevention campaigns.

What does DSM-5 recognize as categories of substance abuse disorders?

Alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedatives, stimulants, tobacco.

What is the harm reduction model?

A nonjudgmental approach focusing on minimizing negative consequences of substance use.

What role do nurses play in addressing substance use disorders?

Assess risk factors, provide education, and support prevention and recovery.

What is the definition of family health risk?

Conditions or behaviors that increase the chance of negative health outcomes.

What are the types of family risks?

Biological, environmental, behavioral, socioeconomic, and psychosocial.

What is health risk appraisal?

The process of identifying and analyzing risks within the family using assessment data.

What promotes family resilience?

Open communication, strong support networks, problem-solving skills, and a positive family identity.

What is the purpose of public health surveillance?

To detect trends, reduce morbidity/mortality, and inform public health interventions.

What are the steps in outbreak investigation?

Define the outbreak, confirm the diagnosis, identify cases, and implement control measures.

What is the difference between endemic, epidemic, and pandemic?

Endemic is constant presence, epidemic is sudden increase, and pandemic is widespread across countries.

What is the role of nurses in outbreak surveillance?

Monitor health data, identify patterns, and apply the nursing process to manage outbreaks.

What are some barriers to accessing treatment for substance use disorders?

Limited access to programs, heavy criminalization, and lack of resources.

What is the significance of medication-assisted therapy?

It is a key component of multifaceted treatment plans for substance use disorders.

What is the impact of peer pressure on adolescents regarding substance use?

It can lead to risky behaviors and increased likelihood of substance use.

How does social isolation affect older adults in terms of substance use?

It can lead to prescription misuse and increased risk of substance use disorders.

What is the importance of culturally competent care in substance use treatment?

It ensures that care is respectful of and tailored to the cultural beliefs of patients.

What is the goal of primary prevention strategies?

To educate and prevent substance use before it starts.

What is the significance of the ecomap in family health nursing?

It maps connections between family and external systems, highlighting support networks.

What is the role of the nurse in promoting family health?

To identify at-risk families and provide education, advocacy, and resource linkage.

What is passive surveillance?

Providers report cases to health departments.

What is active surveillance?

Health departments actively search for cases.

What is sentinel surveillance?

Tracks trends in specific populations or diseases.

What is syndromic surveillance?

Uses real-time data to detect unusual patterns.

Define endemic.

Constant presence of a disease in a population.

Define hyperendemic.

High, constant occurrence of a disease.

What does sporadic mean in disease terms?

Irregular, infrequent occurrences of a disease.

What is an epidemic?

An excess of expected cases of a disease.

Define pandemic.

Worldwide spread of a disease.

What is a holoendemic disease?

High rates in children that decrease with age.

What is the first step in outbreak investigation?

Confirm the outbreak.

What is the second step in outbreak investigation?

Define cases and identify affected people.

What is the third step in outbreak investigation?

Collect data and describe by time, place, and person.

What is the fourth step in outbreak investigation?

Develop and test hypotheses.

What is the fifth step in outbreak investigation?

Implement control and prevention measures.

What is the sixth step in outbreak investigation?

Evaluate and communicate findings.

What does a multidisciplinary approach in public health involve?

Collaboration among various agencies and professionals.

What is quality improvement (QI) in healthcare?

Ensures that healthcare services meet professional standards.

What are voluntary types of quality improvement?

Accreditation and credentialing.

What are required types of quality improvement?

Licensure and certification.

What is the role of nurses in quality improvement?

Evaluate outcomes and improve processes.

What is the significance of family theory in nursing?

Guides understanding of how families grow and adapt.

How does genomics relate to nursing?

Connects family history to personalized prevention.

What is risk assessment in nursing?

Identifies where nurses can intervene early.