exam 4 psyc

within-subjects design

within-subjects design

a research design that uses each participant as his or her own control; for example, the behavior of an experimental participant before receiving treatment might be compared to his or her behavior after receiving treatment

mixed designs

Research designs that combine both experimental and correlational methods. In this design, participants from naturally occurring groups of interest (e.g., people with panic disorder and people with social phobia) are assigned to each experimental treatment, allowing the experimenter to determine whether the effectiveness of the treatments varies by group classification.

statistical power

probability that the study will give a significant result if the research hypothesis is true

Paired t-test

A test designed to determine the statistical difference between two groups' means where the participants in each group are either the same or matched pairs.

independent-sample t test

statistic used to compare means of two sets of scores, each set collected from a different set of people or collected about a different set of stimuli

hybrid design

one factor that cannot be manipulated, testing the impact of an experimental variable and a non-experimental variable at the same time.

factoral designs

allow a researcher to simultaneoulsy examine the impact of 2 or more ID on the DV

benefits of a factoral design

- establish cause and effect
- conduct multiple experiments at once
- examine how a combination of IVs affects the DV

synergistic effect

when the combination of two variables results in something greater than simply the sum of the individual variables

suppression effect

When the effect of combining two variables results in something less than simply the sum of the individual variables

quasi-experimental

an experimental design that lacks random assignment.

comparison group designs

-sps ( social problem solving) skills and ajustment of LD vs Matched non-LD children
- homeless vs poor groups

longituinal

cannot involve randomized research

nonequivalent control group design

An independent-groups quasi-experiment that has at least one treatment group and one comparison group, but participants have not been randomly assigned to the two groups.

quasi-experimental: single-case designs

- only one ( or a few) subjects are studied
- repeated measures are taken
- random assignment is rarely used
- commonly used by behavior therapists, who often consider this as an experimental within-subject design

comparison group designs

- also called "case control" studies by epidemiologists.
-often used for "needs assessment"

ex. currently homeless vs previously homeless vs never-homeless poor adults

pretest-posttest design

An experiment using an independent-groups design in which participants are tested on the key dependent variable twice: once before and once after exposure to the independent variable.

repeated measures design

An experiment using a within-groups design in which participants respond to a dependent variable more than once, after exposure to each level of the independent variable.

ANOVA test

used to compare the means of two or more groups (NUMBERS)

history

a threat to the internal validity of a study due to an external event potentially influencing participants' behavior during the study.

order effect

the order of presenting the treatments affects the dependent variable

crossover interaction

when the influence of one independent variable on the other reverses across levels of the other variable

factorial anova

an analysis of variance involving two or more independent variables or predictors.

two-way analysis of variance

A statistical test that allows us to simultaneously test how two separate nominal or categorical independent variables (or factors) influence the dependent variable, and how those independent variables interact to influence the dependent variable; also known as a Two-Way ANOVA or Factorial ANOVA.

Vignette effect

a description of a hypothetical situation, event, or scenario to which participants react.

main effect hypothesis

a prediction that focuses on the effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable at a time, ignoring all other independent variables.

interaction effect hypothesis

a prediction about how the levels of one independent variable will combine with another independent variable to impact the dependent variable in a way that extends beyond the sum of the two separate main effects.

A-B design

a single-subject design in which researchers take a baseline measurement (A), then introduce the intervention, and then measure the same variable again (B).

A-B-A design

a single-subject design in which researchers establish a baseline (A), introduce the intervention and measure the same variable again (B), then remove the intervention and take another measurement (A).

A-B-A-B design

a single-subject design in which researchers establish a baseline (A), introduce the intervention (B), remove the intervention (A), and then reintroduce the intervention (B), measuring the dependent variable each time.

mixed design

an experimental design that combines within-subjects and between-subjects methods of data collection.

waiting-list control group

a control group often used in clinical research; participants in this group do not receive treatment or intervention until after the completion of the study.

treatment-as-usual group

a comparison group in clinical studies in which already established treatment is administered for comparison to experimental treatment.

experimenter-expectancy effect

occurs when a bias causes a researcher to unconsciously influence the participants of an experiment; also known as expectancy bias or experimenter effect.

double-blind procedure

both the participants and the administrators of treatment are unaware of, or blind to, the types of treatment being provided in order to reduce the likelihood that expectancies or knowledge of condition will influence the results.

single-blind procedure

participants are unaware of, or blind to, the types of treatment they are receiving, but the administrator knows.

grants

monetary gifts given to help organizations meet a specific goal or objective.

grant writing

developing an application in which an organization provides specific information regarding a program's goals along with evidence of the program's effectiveness in order to gain monetary gifts.

needs evaluation

an assessment to determine which features of a program are most valuable and who they benefit most.

process evaluation

an assessment of a general program operation, including who the program serves and how the program delivers services to that population.

outcomes evaluation

an assessment that determines whether a program effectively produces outcomes that are consistent with the stated objectives or goals.

moderator

the person who asks the questions and facilitates discussion in a focus group.

single-item indicator

only one item or question being used to measure a variable.

single sample t-tests

a statistic to evaluate whether a sample mean statistically differs from a specific value.

word cloud

a visual representation of the frequency with which certain words are used in a qualitative assessment; larger words indicate higher frequency of use.