Ch5: Working with Groups Towards Community Development

Community development

is a process where community members COME TOGETHER to take collective action and generate solutions to common problems.

Community wellbeing (economic, social, environmental, and cultural)

often evolves from this type of COLLECTIVE ACTION being taken at a grassroots level

Community development

ranges from small INITIATIVES within a small group to large initiatives that involve the broader community.

Group Development
- independent
- team building or team development

forming the ASSOCIATION of people to work as a group and direct their actions towards the accomplishment of a common goal.

The jobs of each group member are ______ and hence the performance of one will affect the entire group's performance. It is often call as a ______

1. Forming (Stage of Orientation)
2. Storming (Stage of Conflict)
3. Norming (Stage of Cohesiveness)
4. Performing (Work group stage)
5. Adjourning (Termination Stage)

Stages of Group Development

Forming (Stage of Orientation)

The formation of new group begins, wherein the members come together and get to know each other through the INTERACTIONS.

Forming (Stage of Orientation)

Here the individuals are EXCITED AND ANXIOUS to know about the scope of the task and the ways to approach it.

Generally, the individuals come with a DESIRE to get accepted by others and avoid controversy or conflicts

1. They must determine a way of achieving their PRIMARY TASKS to join the group.

2. They must find a PLACE for themselves in the group, one that will give him/her comfort and pleasure from the group members as well.

2 tasks CONFRONTING group members during Forming (Orientation)

Storming (Stage of Conflict)

Once the forming stage is over, the interactions between the individuals will begin with each other, in the context of the task to be achieved.

conflict and competition

At the storming stage, the ______ among group members will be at its highest.

confrontational members

The most dominant group members come in the front while the _____ remain silent and continue to be in the security or calm stage (forming)

leadership, responsibility, strategies, rules, authority, evaluation, reward system, etc.

the issues related to the _____, arises in the storming stage

Norming (Stage of Cohesiveness)

Once the ROLE of every member is cleared along with the authority and responsibility of each, the TEAM MEMBERS START SETTLING in a group.

Norming (Stage of Cohesiveness)

Here, everybody works cohesively towards the TARGET and appreciate each other's experience and skills

Performing (Work group stage)

At this stage, SYNERGY gets created between the team members, where everyone works towards the accomplishment of a goal.

flexibility and interdependence

task - oriented and people - oriented

Working group stage is characterized by _____

- team members know each other so well that they can handle any complex problem that comes before the team.

- roles and responsibilities of member changes according to the situation frequently, because at this stage everyone is equally a ______ and thus can perform efficiently.

Adjourning (Termination Stage)

This is the last stage of group development, where the group is TERMINATED, and the group members are separated from each other.

purpose

Every group is created for a ____ , and once the ______ is fulfilled the group is adjourned.

"mourning or deforming"

Some call termination stage as _____ because the sense of loss is felt by the group members, at the time of separation from each other

nursing interventions, tasks and techniques

____ emphasize the importance of working on feelings, needs and communication.

1. Provide the Necessary Orientation, Structure and Direction

2. Help meet members' interpersonal needs

3. Process, Negotiate and Resolve Conflicts to Member's Satisfaction

4. Be Aware of the Effects of Own Behavior on the Group: Use the self for Group Growth

5. Derive Opportunities to Apply Learning on Another Situation

Five Interventions to Facilitate Group Growth

anxiety

During the stage of orientation and dependence, the level of _____ can be decreased by helping provide the necessary orientation, structure and direction to the group

1. Creates an ATMOSPHERE for productive work group

2. ENCOURAGED by acknowledging the importance of their presence in the group and the contributions they make.

3. Should COMMUNICATE the message that each one is important in the achievement of group goals.

4. Members should be provided with the necessary EMOTIONAL SUPPORT by acknowledging their discomfort during the time of the heightened level of anxiety, and by eliminating or minimizing the sources of anxiety.

5. Avoid making DEMANDS until group anxiety has abated.

In Helping meet members' interpersonal needs

The facilitator or leader must:

1. OBSERVING for signs of a member's effort to be heard and giving her an opportunity to contribute

2. Being SENSITIVE in identifying those too eager to talk as they can take up all the group's time

3. ENCOURAGING and supporting all members who participate

4. SUMMARIZING and clarifying contributions

5. NOT MONOPOLIZING the discussion or commenting too frequently

6. Show ENTHUSIASM for the discussion and a sincere interest in the group members

The Leader encourage productive participation by:

1. Help members understand the nature of conflicts

2. Help members go through the coping process of conflict resolution using the problem - solving approach

3. Help members generate new ways of looking at the situation or problem

4. Help members analyze the here and now experience.

4 ways to Process, Negotiate and Resolve Conflicts to Member's Satisfaction

A. Understanding the nature of conflict

B. Conflict Resolution Through the Problem - Solving Approach

C. Generating New Ways of Looking at the Situation of the Problem

D. Helping Members Analyze the Here - and - now experience

Here and now experience:

Understanding the nature of conflict

1. It is a natural part of any relationship and of any group

2. Conflict is desirable and extremely valuable for several reasons.

3. Any conflict can be handled constructively by the group when the following aspects are considered:

- Members should develop specific group norms or rules to create an atmosphere conducive to healthy management of conflicts.

- Conflicts are manage effectively by encouraging group cooperation and by using the problem - solving approach.

______
- group members learn to develop a positive attitude toward conflict when they realize that it has the following characteristics:

A. It encourages inquiry, promotes objectivity and sharpens analysis since it provides for a greater diversity of opinions, interest, values, and ideas among group members.

B. Stimulates interest and curiosity, increases motivation and energy of group members.

C. It can reduce the natural tension and frustration of working together

E. Conflicts bring information to members about where they are, what is important to each of them, how the group work can be made effective and how their relationship can be improved.

D. Help group members avoid being bothered by the past, which they cannot change.

F. Members derive personal benefits from the experience of conflict

According to Johnson and Johnson: Conflict ____ (6)

issues

Conflict should be over ____ not between persons

- encouraging group cooperation and using the problem - solving approach

Conflicts are manage effectively by:

1. Clarify the basic issue
2. Diagnose the dimension and causes of conflict
3. Explore ways to settle the conflict
4. Decide upon and implement an agreement satisfactory of the group
5. Evaluate the success of the action taken

Conflict Resolution Through the Problem - Solving Approach

The basic steps of problem - solving approach are:

Clarify the basic issue

the opposing viewpoints must be clear to every member of the group.

Diagnose the dimension and causes of conflict

the objective here is to define the nature and magnitude of the forces that bring about the conflict and forces that minimize the conflict

A. Eliminate or reduce the forces that bring out the conflict and/or strengthen/increase the forces that minimize the conflict

B. Integrate positions or ideas that are similar such as the dimension or magnitude of the conflict is reduced.

C. Help the members analyze if the opposing views can be taken by the group as its decision.

3 steps to settle the conflict:

Decide upon and implement an agreement satisfactory of the group

- the opposing viewpoints can be listed, together with the positive and negative aspects of each, in as far as the group's goals and tasks are concerned.

Evaluate the success of the action taken

- for the group to learn to be dynamic in pursuing its goals and provisions for re - planning are adequately considered.

A. The facilitator need to develop conditions that allow concerns, issues and problems to be reformulated.

B. During the discussion, the atmosphere must be such that members are given the freedom and support to have self - confidence needed to entertain and express novel ideas withoug being afraid of harsh or disapproval.

Generating New Ways of Looking at the Situation of the Problem

A. During experiences of conflicts, tension and anxiety can affect group process to a degree that individual members feel the need to do something about the situation they are in.

B. Essentially, this intervention helps members recognize, examine and understand the "how" and "why" of interactions.

Helping Members Analyze the Here - and - now experience

4. Be Aware of the Effects of Own Behavior on the Group: Use the self for Group Growth

The nurse as the facilitator or coordinator of the group discussion exerts an influence on the behavior and experience of group members.

a. Be the model of the group as regards behavior that is expected or accepted.

b. On time for meetings, keeping appointments and promises

c. Utilize every available opportunity to maximize group growth by making sure that she does not railroad the group's decision

d. Be open and free self from the tendencies to be proud and authoritative

e. Allow the group's decision to dominate group life

f. Act as the group's completer and ensure that the missing aspects are made available for the group

The nurse must:

A. Group experiences provide varied learning opportunities for members

B. This particular intervention is also helpful when the facilitator helps the group undergo successfully the stage of termination

5. Derive Opportunities to Apply Learning on Another Situationn

Partnership and Collaboration

Its aim is to get people to work together in order to address problems or concerns that affect them.

Partnership and Collaboration

It gives people the opportuniyy to learn skills in group relationship, interpersonal relations, critical analysis and most important of all, decision - making process in the context of democratic leadership.

Networking

- a RELATIONSHIP among organizations that consists of exchanging INFORMATION about each other's goals and objectives, services or facilities

Networking

This results in the organizations' becoming AWARE of each other's worth and capabilities and how can contribute to the accomplishment of the network's goals and objectives.

Networking

requires small amount of time, yet it has a great potential in terms of joint actions

Coordination

a relationship where organizations MODIFY their activities in order to provide better service to the target beneficiary.

Coordination

To a certain extent, this level of organizational relationship becomes time - consuming as it requires more involvement and trust on the part of the committed organization.

Modification of activities that are more responsive to community's needs may significantly improve people's lives.

Cooperation

- is a relationship where organizations share information and resources and make adjustments in one's own agenda to accommodate the other organization's agenda.

Cooperation

In this type of relationship, organizations share ownership of the success, rewards as well as problems and hassles that go with working together

Collaboration

is the level of organizational relationship where organizations help each other enhance their capacities in performing their tasks as well as in the provision of services. At this point, people become partners rather than competitors

Collaboration

entails a lot of work but the potential for change can be great

Coalition or Multi - sector Collaboration

is the level of relationship where organizations and citizens form partnership.

All parties give priority to the good of the community.

Coalition or Multi - sector Collaboration

requires great investment in terms of effort, time, trust and the will to make a change

1. It is imperative for the nurse to involve all stakeholders in the process of forging partnership and collaboration with the community

2. In working together, the nurse and the community face risks together. It is important therefore, that they need to know and trust each other

. 3. Determine how each organization views the problem, how it proposes to solve the problem and how it perceives an organizational relationship can help solve the problem.

4. Organizations should agree on the kind or level of relationship that will help best accomplish the group goals considering needs and available resources.

5. When organizations have agreed on the type of organizational relationship, formulate ground rules that will become the bases for decision - making.

Ideas on how to get started in partnership and collaboration:

1. Listen to what each has to say. Points of agreement can only be reached if there is an exchange of information.

2. Take time to listen to people who voice different opinions or concerns. Keep an open mind. Try to identify points of unity from diverse opinions.

3. Don't force organizations to give up their identities. Remember, organizations work together for a common good. They do not work together just so they can outdo each other.

The following are the most important points: