Physics Chp 2 Matter, Atoms, and Atomic Structures

Element is a ____ substance

simple; cannot be broken down into any smaller substances

atom is an

element

Atom is the basic building ____ of all substances

block

What is a compound?

2 or more elements chemically combined

Compound is a ____ substance

complex

What is the smallest particle of a compound?

molecule

Define molecule

two or more atoms chemically united

Radiation is a term applied to many forms of ____

energy

What is the difference between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation?

Ionizing radiation has the energy/power to remove electron from a bond. This can cause serious disruption of the metabolic relationships in the body(dangerous). Non-ionizing is not a dangerous form of radiation

Fundamental particles of an atom

neutron, proton, elecron

What two sub particles are at the center of the nucleus

neutron and proton

What sub particle is outside the nucleus?

electron

amu of a neutron

1.008 amu

amu of a proton

1.007 amu

amu of electron

5.48 x 10^-4

An electron is extremely ______ compared to a proton and neutron

small

What part of the atom distinguishes one element from another?

proton

A neutral atom has the same number of

protons and electrons

What are the names of the electron shells innermost to outermost

K-shell, L-shell, M-shell, N-shell, O-shell, P-shell, Q-shell

The nucleus has a __________ charge

positive

Most of the space in an atom is _____ because of the distance from the nucleus to orbital shells

empty

What is the closest shell to the nucleus?

K shell

How many electrons can the K shell hold?

2 electrons max

What is the equation to determine the max number of electrons each shell can hold?

max # = 2n^2
(n= shell number) (shells are numbered 1-7 starting with the K shell as 1)

What is the octet rule?

The outermost shell (valence shell) of a stable atom cannot hold more than 8 electrons

Valence shell is ____ when there is 8 electrons in the valence shell

inert

T or F: The octet rule trumps the max # electron shell rule

True

Define the electron binding energy

How tightly the electron is held in its shell

How is the electron binding energy determined?

By the distance of electron shell from the nucleus

What shell has the highest binding energy?

K shell (binding energy decreases the further the shell)

eV

electron volt

Ionization

Adding or removing an electron from its shell

What type of charge will an atom have if an electron is added

it is a negative ion

What type of charge will an atom have if an electron is removed

it is a positive ion

When is non-ionizing radiation released

When an electron moves from an inner shell to an outer shell

T or F: An electron gets excited if given extra energy

True

How is atomic mass calculated?

protons + neutrons in an atom

How is the atomic number determined?

# of protons

What happens if you change the number of protons?

change the element

On the periodic table a row (horizontal) is known as?

period

A column (vertical) on the period table is a?

group

What do elements in the same GROUP have in common on the periodic table?

elements have the same # of electrons in outermost shell (valence shell)

What do elements in the same PERIOD have in common?

elements have the same amount of electron shells "n"

Atoms are arranged by their ____ on the periodic table

atomic number

Isotope

Atoms have the same element who's nuclei contain the same number of protons but different number of neutrons (have DIFFERENT MASS NUMBERS)

Isobar

Have the same atomic mass but different atomic numbers (different # of protons = different elements)

Isomer

Atoms have the same atomic number and same atomic mass but they are formed different

A carbon isotope has 18 mass. What is the neutron #?

18-6 (carbon has 6 protons) = 12 neutrons
Mass - protons = neutrons

Define weight

force that an object exerts under the influence of gravity

Define mass

quantity of matter contained in an object

Unit of mass is 1 kilogram = ____ grams

1,000

Define substance

material that has a definite and constant composition

Two or more substances are called

mixture

Simple substance is an

element

Complex substances is a

compound

What is an atom?

Smallest particle of an element

Two or more atoms that are chemically united is a

molecule

Unit of energy

joule (j)

Define radiation

when energy is emitted and transferred through matter

Can electrons be divided into smaller parts?

No

In a neutral atom the number of _______

protons and electrons are equal

If an atom gains or loses NEUTRONS the result is

an isotope

If an atom gains or loses an ELECTRON the result is

an ion

Mass of an atom is almost entirely concentrated in the _____

nucleus

Atomic mass unit (amu)

mass of the particles of an atom

Mass of an atom is described by

atomic mass number

What determines the energy level or shell the electron occupies?

the distance from nucleus

Define electron binding energy

amount of energy needed to remove the electron from the atom

What is the principal quantum number?

The number of each shell (n)
K shell : n= 1
L shell: n= 2
M shell: n=3
And so on

How many electrons can the L shell hold?

2n^2
2(2)^2 = 8

How many electrons can the M shell hold?

2n^2
2(3)^2 = 18

As the number of electrons and protons increases, what happens to the binding energy?

binding energy increases

When does the binding energy of an electron decrease?

as the distance from the nucleus increases

electron volt (eV)

binding energy of an electron

Electron volt is the energy one electron will have when...

it is accelerated by an electrical potential of one volt

1 keV = ________ electron volts

1,000

What is an ionic bond?

An element will freely give up an electron to bind with another element

What is a covalent bond?

an element will share electrons to bond with another element

What was John Dalton's main idea

solid sphere model: atom was a sphere made up of smaller spheres

What is the plum pudding model

JJ Thompson's theory that the atom is composed of positive and negative particles but they were inside the atom with no actual structure

What was Ernest Rutherford's main idea and model?

Nuclear model: most of the mass of the atom is concentrated in a tiny positively charged nucleus at the center with negatively charged electrons orbiting it

Who is the father of the periodic table?

Dimitri Mendeleev

Who first recognized that there are 4 different types of matter?

Greeks

Mass

Kilograms

Length

meter

time

seconds

define mass

quantity of matter in a body (measured in kilogram)

Energy is the ability to do____

work

Bohr model

central positive nucleus surrounded by electrons moving around the nucleus in orbital shells

How many naturally occurring elements are there?

92

How many elements have been artificially produced

26

Radioisotopes

unstable isotopes that spontaneously transform into different elements

The time for an atom to decay is called

half-life