Chapter 2: Earth's physical systems

Matter

Material that occupies space

Element

type of matter W/ properties that can’t be broken down

Atom

Smallest unit that matian it’s cehmical element, form molecules via bonds

Proton

Positive, pair iwth nuetrons in nucleaus (add up to make atomic #)

Nuetrons

nuetral, pair iwht protons in nucleus (add up to make atomic #)

Electron

Negative, on ring outside of nucleus

Isotope

Atoms W/ the same element with different numbers of neutrons

Ex: Carbon-14 has 8 nuetrons and 6 protons (should have 6 and 6)

compound

A molucule with 2+ elements (H20)

covelant bonds

share electrons

Hydrogen bond

Bonded through a neg/pos charge and a hydrogen atom

Ionic bond

When one molecule directly gives an electron to another molecule

Organic compounds

Carbon atoms that are joined by covalent bonds and may include other elements

Polymers

Longs chains made up of repeated molecules (consist of organic compounds)

Protiens

made of amino chains, different tpyes=different functiond

Nucleaic acids Carb

Made up of RNA and DNA, direct protien produciton

Carbs

simple sugars, prvide fuel

Lipids

fats and oils, do a variety of things depending on the type (I’ll straight up die of its on the test)

fine. steroids=hormone production

phospholipids=cell membrane

waxes=structure

Energy

capacity to change position, pysical composition,, or temp of matter (a force that can accomplish work)

potential energy

energy of position/ compositon (Ex. bonds)

kinetic energy

energy of movement

1st law of hermodynamics

energy can niether be created not destoryed

2nd law of thermodynamics

systems naturally mvoes towards a state of disorder (entropy)

Photosythesis

carbon, oxogyn and sunlight are broken down to create carbs (energy) and carbon

6CO2+6H20+sun energy=C6H12O6+6O2

Cellular respiration

Cells use oxygen to convert glucose back into water and carbon

C6H12O6+6O2=6CO2+6H20+energy

Chemosythesis

geothermal heating trat uses Hydrogen Sulfatte transofrms carbon into organic carbon compounds (sulfieric acid and sugars)

6C02+6H2O+3H2S=C6H12O6+3H2SO4

Geology

Study of earths physical history, features, and processes

Crust layout

Crust=10 miles (outer layer 30-40km) (inner (5-7km))

Mantle: Ultra Mafic rocks

Core: Outer=liquid iron& nickel (p=11) Inner=solid iron+nickel

Plate tectonics

Movement of mantle material produced by heat convection (15 major plates, shapes topography)

(2 types, continental and ocean)

Divergent palte boudries

Magma rises, pushes plates apart

Transform plate boundries

Plates slip and grind agiasnt one another (can create earthquake)

Convergent plate boundry

2 plates come togehter directly

Sundiction

lithosphere slips under plate, OR, contienetal colision cuases moutnais to form

Rock

Solid Aggregation of minerals

Mineral

Natural solid ement w crytal structure, special chemical property

Ingenous orck

Formed when lava/magma cools (Intrusive=inside/slow, extrusive=outside/fast)

(Ex. Granite, Basalt, Andestite)

Sedimentary rock

Sediments (rock particles) are physically packed together

(Ex. Sandstone, shale, limestone, haltic)

Metamorphic

Rock subjected to great heat+pressure (creates new rock)

Ex. Shale becomes slate

Ex. Limestone becomes marble

Ex. Sandstone becomes quartz

Density

Wieght of matter

Density= Mass/Volume

Density scale

Water=1

Salt=2.2

Quartx=2.6

Iron=8

Falsic rock

p average is 2.8 (high in aslumminum potassium soium)

Mafic rock

p average=3 (high in iron, calcium, magnesium

Ultramafic rocks

average p=3.3-8 High in iron and magnesium

Subduction

lithosphere slips udner plate, mountaisn or islands form

Separation of plates

often occurs on ocean floor, creates mid ocean ridges

Sliding plates

Form fault lines