Italy (COMPLETE)

Defeat at Adowa, Abyssinia

1896

Conquest in Libya

1911

Treaty of London

1915

‘Mutilated victory’

1919

Seizure of Fiume

1919

First meeting of Fascist movement

1919

Occupation of factories (year, what, what)

1920, no action from gov, fear of socialist revolution

Beginning of Squadrismo violence (year, reaction, against who)

1920, blind eye from law enforcement, a lot of violence against socialists/socialist institutions (even more throughout 1922)

PNF created

1921

General strike against Fascist violence (when, response)

July 1922, Fascists took over running postal service and transport

March on Rome threat (When, outcomes)

October 1922, King made M PM, M in coalition gov and has minister of interior and minister of foreign affairs

Rule by decree allowed (Year, for how long, reason, how)

1922, for 12 months, socialist threat, continued use of fascist threat of violence to intimidate parliament

Grand council of Fascism created

1922

Stefani economic policy (years, 3 whats)

1922-25, reassuring industrialists, fight inflation, cut gov spending

Acerbo Law (Years, what, but)

1923, impact in ‘24, largest party gets 2/3, but blackshirt violence and ballot-rigging also used to get majority

Matteotti Crisis (who, when, responses)

Socialist who had been working to expose Fascist violence in elections, June 1924, July press censorship + banning meetings off opp. parties

Ultimatum from Fascist party

December 1924

Pact of Rome (year, what)

1924, Italy got Fiume

Beginning investment in Albania

1924

M speech, intention to make dictatorship

January 1925

Leggi Fascistissime (year, what, what)

1925, ban oppositional parties, ban oppositional organisations

Vidoni Palace Pact (year, what)

1925, Socialist+Catholic trade unions banned

Battle for grain (year, statistic, but)

1925, grain imports decreased by 75%, traditional exports declined

Dopolavoro set up

1925

Personal dictatorship established (year, whats)

1926, make laws without consulting gov, parliament lost right to criticise and debate

Ministry of Corporations set up

1926

ONB (founded, compulsory)

Founded 1926, compulsory 1930

Treaty of Tirana (year, what)

1926, Albania becomes satellite state

Revaluation of Lira (year, exports, imports)

1927, exports into depression, high tariffs on imports

Labour charter (year, what)

1927, benefited employers only

Battle for births (year, 3 techniques)

1927, carrot and stick measures, marriage loans, tax benefits, fail (rate declined)

OVRA set up

1927

Friendship treaty with Hungary

1927

Battle for land

1928

Party purge of disloyals

1928

Friendship treaty with Abyssinia

1928

King lost right to freely elect PM

1928, could still dismiss M though

Lateran Agreements (year, 3 whats)

1929, no more conflict, religious education comp., divorce difficult

Church dispute over ‘Catholic Action’

1931

IRI created

1933

Quota system introduced (year, what, status)

1933, women only to be 10% of workforce, fail

July putsch reaction (year, what)

1934, troops to border

Invasion of Abyssinia (when, pact, gas)

October 1935, breaking Kellogg-Briand pact and Geneva Protocol, used poison gas

Hoare-Laval pact (year, what)

1935, secret agreement between Fra and GB to give Ita most of Aby

Easter Accords (year, who, what)

1938, Italy + GB, keep status quo in Mediterranean

Anti-Jewish racial laws

1938

Invasion of Albania

April 1939

Parliament replaced by chamber of Fasces and Corporations

1939

Non-belligerence in war

September 1939

Joined war on German side

June 1940

PM Giolitti offers alliance against socialists (year, result)

1921, withdraws from alliance after getting more power

Gaining support from traditional institutions (year, 2 whos)

1923, Confindustria, church

Response to Great Depression (what, peasants conditions)

Public works, peasants even worse wage cuts than workers

Economic issues

policies benefiting landowners & employers, ignoring problems (illiteracy, north-south divide, rural poverty, underdevelopment)

Lack of totalitarianism

only 15% of civil service fascist in 1927, failed to change Italian society

Control of media (3)

Radio state run 1924, censorship 1925, Gov control newspapers 1926

Fascist policy towards teachers

‘25: suspicious teachers fired

‘28: oath of loyalty

‘31: teacher’s organisation set up (‘37 comp.)