Adolescent Psychology Exam 3

adolescence is a period of heightened

conformity, socio-affective sensitivity, peer influence, structural changes in school

interpersonal compatibility

facilitates communication, understanding, and getting along; fosters closeness, cooperation and companionship

intragroup compatibility

facilitates consensus and promotes group norms, which fosters cohesion, effcient functioning and allocation of resources

Influence Compatibility Model

influence - similarity - compatibility

influence

occurs when individuals act or think in ways that they might not otherwise act or think, this effect can be attributed to experiences with peers

similarity

promotes conformity with friends and peer group affiliates

peers

individuals who are about the same age or maturity level

friends

subset of peers who engage in mutual companionship, support, and intimacy

during middle and late childhood and adolescence individuals spend ______ time in peer interactions

more

peer interaction is influenced by

contexts

how does social media transform adolescent peer relationship?

1. changing the freq. or immediacy of experiences

2. amplifying experiences and demands

3. altering the qualitative aspects of interactions

4. facilitating new opportunities for compensatory behaviors

5. creating completely novel behaviors

negative emotionality

a very low threshold for experiencing anger, fear, anxiety, and irritation

adolescents experienced an _____ in depressive and anxious symptoms during COVID; outcomes were more _____ for girls

increase; negative

social isolation is linked with

many different problems and disorders, ranging from delinquency and problem drinking to depression and academic difficulties

positive peer relations

learn the principles of fairness and justice by working through disagreements

learn to be skilled and sensitive partners in intimate relationships by forging close friendships

negative peer relations

linked to patterns of drug use, deliquency, depression, sexual activity, and self-injury

parents influence peers in important ways:

parents influence the pool from which adolescents can select friends

parents can coach their adolescents in ways of relating to peers

secure attachments to parents is related to

the adolescents’ positive peer relations

link between mother and peer attachment is

stronger than father and peer attachment

conformity

occurs when individuals adopt the attitudes or behavior of others because of real or imagined pressure from them (peaks around 8-9th grade)

Which adolescents are more likely to conform to peers?

those who are uncertain about their social identity

adolescents in the presence of someone they perceive as having a higher social status

sociometric status

how much is a child liked by their peers

popular adolescents

frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers

average adolescents

receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers

Neglected adolescents

infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers

rejected adolescents

infrequently nominated as someone’s best friend and are actively disliked by their peers

controversial adolescents

frequently nominated both as someone’s best friend and as being disliked

popular children tend to

give out reinforcements, listen carefully, and show enthusiasm

rejected adolescents tend to

have more serious adjustment problems than those who are neglected

it becomes more difficult to assess peer status later on in adolescence (Y/N)

yes

children acquire more _______ as they become adolescents

social knowledge

social intelligence was related to

peer popularity but not academic achievement

adolescents who lack appropriate social cognitive skills may have difficulties with

peer relationships

What are the 5 steps in processing information from social world

1. decoding of social cues

2. interpretation

3. response search

4. selecting an optimal response

5. enactment

emotionally negative adolescents experience

more peer rejection

conglomerate strategies

involves the use of a combination of techniques, rather than a single approach, to improve adolescents’ social skills

neglected children may be able to be trained to

interact more effectively with peers

what age would these types of programs likely to be most effective

10 or under

Sullivan’s ideas on changes in friendship in early adolescence

whether or not our basic social needs are fulfilled largely determines out emotional well-being

6 functions of friendship

1. companionship

2. stimulation

3. physical support

4. ego support

5. social comparison

6. intimacy/affection

teens prefer to have a

smaller number of friendships that are more intense and intimate

if teens fail to make close friends,

they would experience painful feelings of loneliness and a reduced sense of self-worth

intimacy in friendship

self-disclosure or sharing of private thoughts

mixed-age friendships

raises concerns for parents, earlier sexual and delinquent behavior

what gender are more likely to be bullies

boys

boys and younger middle school students

are most likely to be bullied

____ % of victims and their bullies are in the same school classroom

70-80

many bullies are rejected by the peer group (T/F)

false

chronic loneliness is linked to impaired

physical and mental health

what factors contribute to experiencing loneliness?

individual characteristics and peer experiences

people are spending more time in person than 20 years ago (T/F)

false

what do groups do for adolescents

satisfy adolescent’s personal needs

reward them

provide information

can raise their self-esteem

contribute to their identity

cliques

small groups that range from 2-12 individuals and average about 5-6 individuals; group members are usually of the same sex and are similar in age

crowds

larger group structure than cliques, adolescents are usually members of a crowd based on reputation and may or may not spend much time together

what is one benefit of the dramatic increase in social media use?

allowed adolescents to stay connected with friends and peers during quarantine

adolescents who join groups are more likely to

participate in community activities in adulthood

boys in same sex groups

more importance to having a friend with whom to share interests in activities

girls in same sex groups

female friendships focus more on intimacy, self-disclosure

co-rumination

extensively discussing and revisiting problems and focusing on negative feelings

co-rumination is linked with

higher quality friendships but more symptoms of depression

peer groups are strongly segregated according to

socioeconomic status and ethnicity

peer groups play a different roles depending on the culture (T/F)

true

functions of dating

learning about intimacy

provide companionship

socialization

source of status and achievement

three stages characterize the development of romantic relationships in adolescence

1. entry into romantic attractions and affiliations

2. exploring romantic relationships

3. consolidating dyadic romantic bonds

average age of initial same-sex activity

females: 14-18

males: 13-15

adolescents who have a partner report

wider daily emotional swings

adolescents who date are more likely to be

accepted by peers and perceived as more physically attractive

romantic love

passionate love (eros) strong sexual and infatuation components, often the early part of a love relationship

affectionate love

companionate love, occurs when individuals desire to have another person near and have a deep caring affection for the person

constructivist approach

learner centered; emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher

direct instruction approach

structured and teacher centered by direction and control

advocates of the constructivist approach argue that

the direct instruction approach turns students into passive learners and does not adequately challenge them to think in critical and creative ways

direct instruction enthusiasts argue that

constructivist approaches do not give enough attention to the content of a discipline and that they are too relativistic and vague

NCLB legislation pros and cons

advocates: standardized testing has a number of positive effects, including improved student performance

critics: more harm than good

Common Core Standards

specify what students should know and the skills they should develop at each grade level in various content areas (2009)

Every Student Succeeds Act

gives state more flexibility in implementation than was the case for NCLB

uses at least one nonacademic factor when tracking school’s success

The International Society for Technology in Education

developed technology standards to emphasize that each adolescent should become an empowered learner, creative communicator, and global collaborator

ISTE provides performance indicators for achieving these standards at four levels

pre-k - grade 2

grades 3-5

grades 6-8

grades 9-12

top-dog phenomenon

the circumstance of moving from the top position to the lowest position (8th grade to being a hs freshman or hs senior to freshman in high school)

transition to middle or junior high school is less stressful when

students have positive relationships with friends and go through the transition in team-oriented schools in which 20-30 students take the same classes together

New York Times 2022 study found that

students have experienced troubling setback in both math and reading

reading scores also declined in more than half the states, continuing a downward trend before the pandemic

causes for dropping out

school-related problems

economic reasons

friends drop out

personal reasons

how to reduce the dropout rate

early detection of children’s school-related difficulties

get children engaged with school in positive ways

provide early reading programs, tutoring, counseling, and mentoring

transition from high school to college

focus on achievement and performance

reduced contact with parents

increased depression

today’s college students experience more stress and depression than in the past (T/F)

true

authoritative

encourages students to be independent thinkers and doers but still involves effective monitoring

authoritarian

restricitve and punitive, keeping order rather than learning

permissive

offers autonomy but provides them with little support for developing learning skills or managing their behavior

person-environment fit

some negative psychological changes might result from a mismatch between the needs of developing adolescents and the opportunities afforded them by the schools they attend

family management

positively related to grades and self responsibility, and negatively to school-related problems

federal legislation now mandates that all children and adolescents with disabilities to receive a free and fair education

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

school shooting

an attack that involves the use of firearms and takes place at an educational institution

the US has ____ times as many school shootings as the other major industrialized nations combined

57

Pontiac Rebellion School Massacre

first school shooting in the U.S., 10 children died

during the 19th century

49 K-12 school shootings

during the 20th century

207 K-12 school shootings

how many school shootings since 2000

152

school violence has increased by ____% in the 21st century

19

10 critical warning signs of violence

1. withdrawing from friends

2. bullying

3. excessive irritability

4. chronic loneliness or social isolation

5. persistent thoughts of harming themselves or someone else

6. making direct threats

7. having access to guns

8. recruiting accomplices for an attack

9. expressing a threat as a plan

10. cruelty to animals