Year 9 - Geography Revision

A mixture of all notes in the winter assessment revision page compiled into revision cards. There's many notes but study the ones that are most relevant to you. Again, these notes cover everything from, long shore drift to the food chain. I recommend reading quickly over the note document before attempting these revision cards. GLL!

Decomposers

consume living /dead plants and animals and break them down into nutrients that are released into the soil.

Omnivores

get their energy by eating both /only plants and meat.

Corrosion

salts and acids in seawater dissolve the rock gradually over thousands of years.

Producers

produce or make their own soil /food.

Headlands

are usually formed of more resistant rock types than bays.If there are different bands of rock along a coastline, the weaker or softer rock, such as clay, is eroded fastest.

Landforms

created by erosion include headlands and bays, caves, arches, stacks and stumps.

mode

The mode is the number that occurs the most in a set of numbers.

coast

The is the area where land meets the sea.

Hydraulic action

puts pressure on the crack /fault in the headland, forcing the crack to widen into a cave.

Use of coastal areas

Tourism, Trade, Fishing, Settlement, Leisure/recreation, educational research/study

Abrasion

waves transport material which hit the cliff and gradually wear it away

Hydraulic action

as waves approach the coast they trap air and force it into gaps in the cliff

Attrition

waves cause the rocks to crash against each other, breaking them down into smaller and rounder pieces

Corrosion (also known as solution)

salts and acids in seawater dissolve the rock gradually over thousands of years

There are three main types of living things in an ecosystem

producers, consumers, and decomposers

How to solve a median

List all your numbers from smallest to largest

How to solve a mode

The mode is the number that occurs the most in a set of numbers

How to solve a mean

The mean (average) of a data set is found by adding all numbers in the data set and then dividing by the number of values in the set

Examples of Hard engineering strategies :

Groynes, Sea wall, Rock Armour

Examples of soft engineering strategies :

Salt marsh, Beach nourishment , Do nothing

benefits of groynes

builds up the by trapping sediment

acts as a natural barrier to erosion and attracts tourists

relatively cheap as most of them are made up of wood

relatively long lasting

Cheaper to repair than other hand engineering strategies.

benefits of sea walls

sea walls often have a promenade on top of them which are popular with tourists

sea walls tend to have a long life - span and provide excellent defence where wave energy is large

Sea walls do not impede the movement of sediment along the coast by longshore drift.

What is long shore drift?

Long shore drift is the movement of material/sediment a long the beach by waves

How does longshore drift happen?

The process of Long shore drift occurs in a zig zag pattern.

1.Waves hit the beach at an angle
2.The SWASH carries the material up at an angle
3.The BACKWASH returns the material back to the sea at a 90 degree angle
4.This process repeats itself and transports the material a long the beach in a zig zag pattern

How are erosional coastal landforms created?

Waves attack the base of the cliff. Hydraulic action puts pressure on the crack/fault in the headland, forcing the crack to widen into a cave.

Waves continue to attack the base of the cliff. Abrasion causes waves to throw large amounts of sediment at the cave, creating a sand-blasting effect, which causes large amounts of the cave to be eroded. This leads to the cave widening and breaking through to the other side of the headland, forming an arch.

Continued abrasion at the base and weathering at the top of the arch cause it to weaken, eventually leading to the top collapsing.

This leaves the headland on one side and an isolated pillar of rock known as a stack on the other.

What is the role of producers, consumers and decomposers in a food chain?

Producers - Producers produce or make their own food. Usually, they make their food from sunlight through photosynthesis. Without producers, no animals would be able to survive.

Consumers - all animals are consumers and need to consume or eat their food. Some animals, called herbivores, get their energy from eating plants. Other animals, called carnivores, get their energy from eating other animals. The third group of animals are called omnivores. Omnivores get their energy by eating both plants and meat.

Decomposers - Decomposers consume dead plants and animals and break them down into nutrients that are released into the soil. These nutrients are used by producers like plants to help them grow, and the cycle begins all over again.

Examples of producers

trees, flower, grass

Examples of consumers

Tiger, sheep, bear

Examples of decomposers

Fungi, worms, Snail

adaptations of the camel

Thin fur across body to maximise heat loss and keep them cool.

Can drink up to 46L in one session and can last very long periods without drinking water.

Camels don’t sweat very often nor urine

They have large, wide, flat and webbed feet to keep stable on sand and stop sinking

Thick fur on the top of their bodies to provide shade during the day as it is extremely hot during the day

Large body size to have more space where heat can leave, and they can tolerate temperatures up to 42 degrees Celsius .

Large nostrils and long eyelashes to protect from sandstorms

adaptations of the cactus

Large trunk to store water during the long periods of droughts

Spikes to stop animals or predators from attacking or stealing it’s supply

Have long, shallow root system that sucks up the rain as rainstorms are infrequent

Pleats on trunk that expand to store more water. Some cacti can store up to 5 tonnes of water