ANAPHY 15
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88 Terms
1
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A specialized sex cell with 23 chromosomes
What is a gamete?
2
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To produce sperm and transfer them to the female reproductive tract
What is the function of the male reproductive system?
3
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In the scrotum
Where are the testes located?
4
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It keeps them at a temperature suitable for sperm production
Why is the location of the testes important?
5
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Dartos and cremaster muscles
What muscles help regulate the temperature of the testes?
6
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Testes
What are the male gonads?
7
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Both sperm and androgens
What do the testes produce?
8
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Tunica vaginalis
What is the outer layer of protective connective tissue surrounding the testes?
9
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Cryptorchidism
What is the clinical term for when one or both testes fail to descend into the scrotum prior to birth?
10
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In the seminiferous tubules
Where does sperm development occur?
11
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Sertoli cells
What cells support developing sperm cells inside the seminiferous tubules?
12
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To secrete signaling molecules that promote sperm production
What is the function of Sertoli cells?
13
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Tight junctions between Sertoli cells
What is the blood-testis barrier?
14
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Spermatogonia
What are the stem cells of the testis?
15
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The process that begins with spermatogonia and concludes with the production of sperm
What is spermatogenesis?
16
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Approximately 64 days
How long does one cycle of spermatogenesis take?
17
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Both mitosis and meiosis
What type of cell division is involved in spermatogenesis?
18
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A cell resulting from the second meiotic division
What is a spermatid?
19
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The transformation of early spermatids into true sperm
What is spermiogenesis?
20
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To help the sperm penetrate the oocyte
What is the function of the acrosome?
21
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mid-piece
What part of the sperm contains tightly packed mitochondria?
22
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To allow newly formed sperm to mature
What is the role of the epididymis?
23
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Approximately 12 days
How long does it take for sperm to move through the epididymis?
24
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Vas deferens
What is the ductus deferens also called?
25
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Cutting and sealing the ductus deferens
What is a vasectomy?
26
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A structure containing the ductus deferens, blood vessels, and nerves
What is the spermatic cord?
27
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5%
What percentage of semen volume is made up of sperm?
28
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Seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands
Which glands contribute to the production of semen?
29
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Fructose
What does the seminal vesicle fluid contain?
30
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To coagulate and then decoagulate semen
What is the function of the prostate gland?
31
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Abnormal growth of the prostate
What is BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia)?
32
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To lubricate the urethra and vagina
What is the function of the bulbourethral glands?
33
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Fluid released by the bulbourethral glands
What is the pre-ejaculate?
34
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Corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum
What are the column-like chambers of erectile tissue in the penis called?
35
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The end of the penis with a high concentration of nerve endings
What is the glans penis?
36
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The foreskin
What is the prepuce?
37
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Vasocongestion
What causes a penile erection?
38
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It relaxes smooth muscles in penile arteries
What is the role of nitric oxide (NO) in erections?
39
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Leydig cells
What cells produce testosterone?
40
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Interstitial cells
What is the alternate term for Leydig cells?
41
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LH
What hormone stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone?
42
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To inhibit FSH release
What is the role of inhibin?
43
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To stimulate the release of LH and FSH
What is the function of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)?
44
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Hypothalamus
Where is GnRH released from?
45
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Ovaries
What are the female gonads?
46
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Oocyte
What gamete do the ovaries produce?
47
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The external female reproductive structures
What is the vulva?
48
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A pad of fat over the pubic bone
What is the mons pubis?
49
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To protect the female urethra and entrance to the reproductive tract
What is the function of the labia minora?
50
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An organ important in sexual sensation and orgasm
What is the clitoris?
51
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A thin membrane that sometimes partially covers the entrance to the vagina
What is the hymen?
52
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To serve as the entrance to the reproductive tract
What is the function of the vagina?
53
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Transverse folds in the vaginal mucous membrane
What are rugae?
54
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Lactobacillus
What type of bacteria is predominant in a healthy vagina?
55
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It protects against infection
Why is an acidic pH important in the vagina?
56
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The set of predictable changes in a female's oocytes and ovarian follicles
What is the ovarian cycle?
57
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The production of female gametes
What is oogenesis?
58
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Ovarian stem cells
What are oogonia?
59
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During fetal development
When do oogonia form primary oocytes?
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The release of an oocyte from the ovary
What is ovulation?
61
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The follicle that releases an oocyte
What is the dominant follicle?
62
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Fallopian tubes or oviducts
What are the uterine tubes also called?
63
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The narrow medial end connected to the uterus
What is the isthmus of the uterine tube?
64
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Ampulla
Where does fertilization often occur?
65
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Muscular contractions and beating cilia
What helps move the oocyte through the uterine tube?
66
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Infection of the uterine tubes or other reproductive organs
What is PID (pelvic inflammatory disease)?
67
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The portion superior to the opening of the uterine tubes
What is the fundus of the uterus?
68
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The narrow inferior portion of the uterus that projects into the vagina
What is the cervix?
69
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A fold of peritoneum that supports the uterus
What is the broad ligament?
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The series of changes in which the uterine lining is shed, rebuilds, and prepares for implantation
What is the menstrual cycle?
71
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With the first day of menses
When does the menstrual cycle start?
72
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The phase when the uterine lining is shed
What is the menses phase?
73
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Decline in progesterone
What triggers the shedding of the stratum functionalis of the endometrium?
74
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The phase when the endometrium begins to proliferate again
What is the proliferative phase?
75
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Estrogen
What stimulates the endometrial lining to rebuild during the proliferative phase?
76
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Day 14
When does ovulation typically occur in a 28-day menstrual cycle?
77
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The phase when the endometrial lining prepares for implantation
What is the secretory phase?
78
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Progesterone
What hormone initiates the secretory phase?
79
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It degrades into the corpus albicans
What happens to the corpus luteum if no pregnancy occurs?
80
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Accessory organs
What are the breasts considered in the female reproductive system?
81
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To supply milk to an infant
What is the function of the breasts?
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The pigmented area surrounding the nipple
What is the areola?
83
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Modified sweat glands
What are mammary glands?
84
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Ducts through which milk exits the breast
What are lactiferous ducts?
85
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Milk-secreting cells in clusters
What are alveoli in the breast?
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To contract and push milk to the lactiferous sinuses
What is the role of myoepithelial cells in the breast?
87
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The amount of fat tissue
What determines the size of the breast?
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To connect the breast tissue to the dermis of the overlying skin
What is the function of suspensory ligaments in the breast?
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Flashcards (60)