Patho Exam 4

Neuro Digestive Hematology Musculoskeletal Endocrine & Hormonal

Papilledema (edema of the ____ ____) is ____ of the optic disc due to increased ____ ____.

optic nerve, swelling, intracranial pressure

The swelling of papilledema is a reaction to a buildup of ____ or ____ in or around the ____.

pressure, fluid, brain

The ____ ____ (optic nerve head) is the location where ____ ____ ____ exit the eye to form the optic ____.

optic disc, ganglion cell axons, nerve

The _____ is the pigmented part of the retina located in the very center of the _____.

macula, retina

In the center of the macula is the _____.

fovea

The ____ is the area that allows for the sharpest visual acuity. It contains a large amount of ____; nerve cells that are photoreceptors with high acuity.

fovea, cones

Sensorineural hearing loss means there is a problem occurring in either _____ _____ or the _____ _____, which delivers sound to the brain.

inner ear, auditory nerve

Conductive hearing loss is usually due to an _____ or _____.

Assessment is with the _____- _____ test.

obstruction, trauma

Weber- Rinne

_____ conduction is greater with conductive hearing loss.

bone

_____ conduction is greater than ____ conduction.

air, bone

Increased cranial pressure is caused by an increase in _____ _____, _____ _____, excessive _____, or _____.

intracranial content, cerebral edema, CSF, hemorrhage

Pulse pressure = ____-____.

Normal is between __-__.

>60 is risk factor for _____ _____.

systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

40-60mmHg

cardiac disease

_____ injuries are brain contusions occurring at the point of _____.

coup, impact

_____ injuries result when the brain impacts the side the skull _____ the point of impact.

countercoup, opposite

A(n) _____ hematoma is bleeding between the dura mater and the skull.

epidural

A subdural hematoma is bleeding between the _____ _____ and _____ _____ covering the brain is caused by tearing of _____.

dura mater, subarachnoid membrane, veins

_____ hematomas (bleeding within the brain) are most commonly located in the _____ and _____ lobes, but may occur in the hemispheric deep white matter.

intracerebal, frontal, temporal

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (hematoma) is associated with _____ _____, _____ malformations or _____ _____.

ruptured aneurysms, arteriovenous, brain trauma

Neurogenic shock occurs with injury above __.

T6

_____ _____ (_____) is a sudden, massive reflex sympathetic discharge because descending inhibition is blocked.

Stimulation of the _____ _____ below the level of the cord lesion.

autonomic hyperreflexia (dysreflexia)

sensory receptors

Autonomic hyper/dysreflexia is caused by _____ _____, _____ _____, and _____.

urinary retention, bladder distention, constipation

Signs and symptoms of autonomic hyper/dysreflexia are BP __-__mmHg above normal, _____, _____ _____, _____ skin, _____ chest and _____ nose, and _____ vision.

20-30, sweating, pounding headache, flushed, tight, stuffy, blurred

With chronic progressive immune mediated inflammatory disease; _____ _____ (MS), the immune system attacks the protective sheath (_____) that covers nerve fibers, and causes _____ problems between the brain and the rest of the body.

multiple sclerosis, myelin, communication

MS can cause _____, _____, impaired _____, _____ disturbances, or _____ incontinence.

paresthesia, weakness, gait, visual, urinary

_____ _____ is a chronic autoimmune, neuromuscular disease that causes weakness in the skeletal muscles that worsens after periods of _____ and improves after periods of _____.

myasthenia gravis, activity, rest

In myasthenia gravis, _____ block, alter, or destroy the receptor for _____ at the neuromuscular junction, which prevents the _____ from _____.

antibodies, acetylcholine, muscles, contracting

With myasthenia gravis, an ____ antibody is produced against ______ receptors.

IgG, acetylcholine

With a Greenstick bone fracture, the _____ is _____ and the _____ bone is _____.

cortex, perforated, spongy, splintered

____ regulates aldosterone secretions.

RAAS

Patients should consume _____ for thyroid hormone synthesis.

iodine

Posterior pituitary secretes _____ and _____.

ADH, oxytocin

An example of a direct effect of hormone release (obvious change in cell function) is _____ binding to _____ _____, increasing _____ uptake by the _____ cell.

insulin, muscle receptors, glucose, muscle

Hormones have specific _____ and _____ feedback mechanisms, most levels are regulated by _____ feedback.

negative, positive, negative

_____ _____ hormones _____ freely across the plasma and nuclear membranes.

lipid soluble, diffuse

_____ _____ hormones cannot diffuse across plasma membrane.

water soluble

_____ stimulates contractions during birth.

oxytocin

Manifestations of prolactinoma (hypersecretion of prolactin) in females are _____, _____, _____ (milky nipple discharge unrelated to normal milk production), _____, excessive _____ and _____.

Suspect a pituitary _____.

amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, galactorrhea, hirsutism, excitability, osteopenia

adenoma

The manifestations of prolactinoma in males are _____, _____, and _____ dysfunction.

gynecomastia, hypogonadism, erectile

Clinical manifestations of ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ (SIADH- hypersecretion of ADH) are related to ____ and are determined by severity.

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, hyponatremia

Neurogenic form of diabetes insipidus is an inadequate response to ____.

Side effect of some ____ agents.

ADH

anesthetic

Graves disease is an autoimmune disease, _____ condition caused by stimulation of the _____ by _____ against _____ receptor.

hyperthyroid, thyroid, antibodies, TSH

Type __ diabetes mellitus is the most common _____ chronic disease and is immunologically mediated _____ cell destruction and _____ (immune destruction of the _____).

I, pediatric, beta, apoptosis, pancreas

_____ is reduced oxygen- carrying capacity, and is a physiologic symptom of _____.

hypoxemia, anemia

_____ (neutrophilia) is an increase in granulocytes.

granulocytosis

The most common cause of infectious mononucleosis is ___.

Recovery time is ____ ____.

EBV: Epstein- Barr virus

a few weeks

Physical findings of Hodgkins lymphoma are enlarged painless ____ ____ in ____, ____ mass, and ____.

lymph node, neck, mediastinal, splenomegaly

Symptoms of Hodgkins lymphoma are ____, unintentional _____ _____, regular ____ ____, and ____ (itching).

fever, weight loss, night sweats, pruritis

______ is an error in lab test giving a false reading for thrombocytopenia (platelet count <____)

pseudothromocytopenia, 150,000/mm3

____ is a ligament tear.

sprain

____ tear is called is strain.

tendon

General anesthesia causes ____ ____ ____.

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

_____ _____ tests for long term diabetes control.

hemoglobin A1C

____ ____ ____ causes immune destruction of the pancreas.

type I diabetes

____ is characterized by uric acid levels.

gout

Functions of the GI tract; ____ and ____ breakdown of food, ____ of digested food, and secretion of ____.

mechanical, chemical, absorption, mucous

____ is vomiting blood.

hematemesis

____ (reflux) is regurgitation of ____ from the stomach into the esophagus d/t loss of ____ ____ at the lower ____ sphincter.

GERD, chyme, muscle tone, esophageal

Clinical manifestations of GERD are ____, chronic ____, ____, and ____ regurgitation.

heartburn, cough, dysphagia, acid

NSAIDs (ex. ibuprofen) and H. pylori cause ____ ____.

duodenal ulcers

Symptoms of ulcerative colitis are ____ (10-20x/day), ____, ____ stools, and ____.

The patient will be very ____ and lacking ____.

diarrhea, urgency, bloody, cramping

dehydrated, nutrients

Patients of Crohn’s disease present ____.

malnourished

Appendicitis causes ____ or ____ pain, rebound tenderness to ____, and ____ ____ fever.

epigastric, periumbilical, RLQ, low grade

Hepatitis B and D have an incubation period of up to ___ days.

_____ (cholelithiasis) have a high concentration of _____.

gallstones, cholesterol

_____ pain is pain originating in organs.

visceral

Food moves down the esophagus by ____.

peristalsis

___ is found in normal saliva.

IgA

Multiple myeloma pain is d/t destruction of ____ ____/ ____.

bone marrow/ tissue

Saliva contains ____ ____ (ptyalin) which initiates ____ digestion.

salivary amylase, carbohydrate