APUSH Midterm 2022

Maize (corn)

The primary grain crop in Mesoamerica. Easy to grow in a broad range of conditions, it enabled a global population explosion after being brought to Europe, Africa, and Asia.

European Colonization

France, England, and Spain fought for control of North America.

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Stamp Act of 1765

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

Stamp Act Congress (1765)

Twenty-seven delegates from 9 colonies met from October 7-24, 1765, and drew up a list of declarations and petitions against the new taxes imposed on the colonies.

First Continental Congress (1774)

Met to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts; adopted the Declaration and Resolves in which they:

Declared the Intolerable Acts null and void.

Recommended that colonists arm themselves and that militias be formed.

Recommended a boycott of British imports.

Second Continental Congress (1775)

a convention of delegates from the 13 Colonies, named George Washington General, managed the colonial war effort, sent The Olive Branch Petition, moved incrementally towards independence, adopted the Declaration of Independence, acted as the de facto national government.

Olive Branch Petition (1775)

Adopted by the Continental Congress in an attempt to avoid a full-blown war with Great Britain.

Provisions:

Affirmed American loyalty to Great Britain and entreated the king to prevent further conflict.

Historical Significance:

Rejected and the colonies were formally declared in rebellion.

Battle of Saratoga (1777)

Decisive colonial victory in upstate New York; considered to be the turning point of the American Revolution.

Historical Significance:

Caused France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent.

Lexington and Concord (April 1775)

First battles of the Revolutionary War, fought outside of Boston. The colonial militia successfully defended their stores of munitions, forcing the British to retreat to Boston.

Intolerable Acts (1774)

Series of punitive measures passed in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party, closing the Port of Boston, revoking a number of rights in the Massachusetts colonial charter, and expanding the Quartering Act to allow for the lodging of soldiers in private homes. In response, colonists convened the First Continental Congress and called for a complete boycott of British goods.

Common Sense by Thomas Paine

powerful pamphlet telling the colonists to break free. British were trying to destroy colonies' natural rights. Government is there to protect life liberty and property. Power came from people, not kings. Colonies don't benefit from British Empire.

Declaration of Independence (1776)

Written by Thomas Jefferson; influenced by the Enlightenment philosophers of his day.

Provisions:

Part 1 - Explains the necessity of independence for the preservation of basic laws and rights.

Part 2 - Lists a series of "abuses and usurpations" by the king and his government; Jefferson claimed that this treatment violated the social contract the British monarch had with the his colonies, thereby justifying the actions his American subjects felt compelled to take.

Part 3 - Ends with what is tantamount to a formal declaration of war.

Republican Motherhood

The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery

Articles of Confederation (1781)

First American constitution that established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes. The Articles were replaced by a more efficient Constitution in 1789.

Shay's Rebellion (1786)

This MA conflict caused criticism of the Articles of Confederation; weak govt; increased calls for a Constitutional Convention to revise the Articles

Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise)

1787

*Called for a bicameral legislative system in which the House of Representatives would be based on population and the Senate would have equal representation in Congress

*Combined pieces of the New Jersey Plan, the Virginia Plan, and other proposals

*Included the Three-Fifths Compromise, which counted slaves as three-fifths of a person for the purposes of apportioning representation and called for direct taxation on the states

Federalists and Anti-Federalists

Anti-Federalists wanted states' rights, bill of rights, unanimous consent, reference to religion, more power to less-rich and common people;

Federalists wanted strong central government, more power to experienced, separation of church and state, stated that national government would protect individual rights

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

Declared that the U.S. would remain neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain and threatened legal proceedings against any American providing assistance to any country at war.

Washington's Farewell Address, 1796

Warned against permanent foreign alliances and political parties, called for unity of the country, established precedent of two-term presidency

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

passed by Federalists, signed by President Adams;; increased waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years, empowered president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens, & made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Corrupt Bargain/Election of 1824

In this election all 5 running candidates were Democratic Republicans; Jackson won both the popular and electoral voters-Henry Clay dropped out and supported Adams and with his support John Quincy Adams becomes president.

Jackson's Spoils System

Jackson dismissed numerous government officials and replaced them with his political supporters

Worcester v. Georgia

Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it

temperence movement

Movement in society to discourage excessive alcohol consumption. Movement in the U.S. succeeded in the passage of the 18th Amendment establishing Prohibition.

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform, & set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year; pro training & higher salaries to teachers

Age of the Common Man

Jackson's presidency was the called this. He felt that government should be run by common people - a democracy based on self-sufficient middle class with ideas formed by liberal education and a free press. All white men could now vote, and the increased voting rights allowed Jackson to be elected.

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

Site of the first modern women's rights convention, and the start of the organized fight for women's rights in US history. At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Stanton read a Declaration of Sentiments modeled on the Declaration of Independence listing the many injustices against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which called for women's suffrage.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Abolitionist Movement

Movement to end slavery

John Adams (1797-1801)

Federalist

Domestic Policy:

Alien and Sedition Acts 1798

Kentucky and Virginia resolutions-nullification

Fries Rebellion

(new taxes)

Foreign Policy:

Instability in France

XYZ Affair

Quasi War--France

Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)

Democratic Republican

Domestic Policy:

Shrink size of federal government

Repeal of Alien and Sedition Acts

Marbury v Madison

War with Supreme Court—Pickering/Chase

Burr Conspiracy

Essex Junto

Revolution of 1800

Berlin and Milan/Orders in Council

Foreign Policy:

Barbary Pirates conflict

Louisiana Purchase

Chesapeake incident/ impressment

Embargo Act > Non-Intercourse Act

Napoleon

James Madison (1809-1817)

Democratic Republic

Domestic Affairs:

Rechartering of National Bank (20 year charter)

Tippecanoe Harrison vs. Tecumseh and Prophet

Hartford Convention

Foreign Affairs:

Macon's Bill No. 2

War of 1812

Harrison

New Orleans (Jackson)

James Monroe (1817-1825)

Democratic Republic

Domestic Affairs:

"Era of Good Feelings

National Tour

Assembled strong cabinet

The Panic of 1819

Missouri Compromise

Liberia

The American System

Henry Clay

Foreign Affairs:

Rush-Bagot Treaty

Adams-Onis Treaty

Monroe Doctrine

Neutrality in Europe

Prevent regaining colonies

Prevent further coloization

John Quincy Adams (1825-1829)

Democratic

Domestic Affairs:

Corrupt Bargain

American System

Internal improvements

Foreign Affairs:

Hampered by opponents in Congress

Accomplishments came as Sec of State under Monroe

Andrew Jackson (1829-1837)

Democratic

Domestic Affairs:

Spoils system in appt's

Indian Removal

Worcester v Georgia

Trail of Tears

Rejection of American System

Eaton Affair

Tariff/Nullification crisis

Compromise of 1833

Force Bill

Take down of the Bank

Kitchen Cabinet

Peggy Eaton

Whigs

Bank War—Pet Banks

Foreign Affairs:

Near conflict with France over Napoleonic debts

Butler incident

Texan independence

Tariff of Abominations

Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)

Democratic

Domestic Affairs:

Panic of 1837

Continued Jackson's policy of Indian Removal

Specie Circular—hard currency

Aroostook War

Foreign Affairs:

Opposed annexation of Texas

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

William Henry Harrison (1841)

Whig

Exhaustive outline of goals with criticism of previous policies—Inaugural address

Died of pneumonia a month after taking office

War of 1812 Tippecanoe v. Tecumseh

John Tyler (1841-1845)

Whig (sorta)

Domestic Affairs:

Refused revival of the National Bank

Enraged cabinet and Congress

Demonstrated Jacksonian powers

Foreign Affairs:

Secured annexation of Texas

Ended hostilities with Seminoles

China trade

Webster-Ashburton

Maine/CN border

James K. Polk (1845-1849)

Democratic

Domestic Affairs:

Walker Tariff bill lowered rates

Independent Treasury 1846

Wilmot Proviso

Annexation of Texas

Gold in California

Foreign Affairs:

Oregon "54°40' or Fight." -secured to 49th

Mexican American War -see war chart

Treaty of New Grenada (trading in Panama)

Slidell Mission

Zachary Taylor (1849-1850)

Whig

Domestic Affairs:

Pushed for Compromise of 1850

Hard stance on secession

Gold Rush

Died of food poisoning after party

Foreign Affairs:

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty-Canal across Nicaragua (agreement with Britain)