AP European History Unit 3

Serfdom

A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave or to pursue a new occupation. This was common in early Medieval Europe as well as in Russia until the mid 19th century.

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

1. Ended the Thirty Years' War

2. Recognized Calvinism as a legally permissible faith

3. Recognized the sovereign independent authority of over 300 German states

4. Continued the political fragmentation of Germany

5. Granted Sweden additional territory, confirming its status as a major power

6. Acknowledged the independence of the United Provinces of the Netherlands

Cardinal Mazarin

(1602-1661), Successor of Cardinal Richelieu and his bad attempts to increase royal revenue and the state led to the Fronde; ran the government while Louis XIV was still a child

Fronde (1648-1653)

A series of violent uprisings during the early reign of Louis XIV triggered by growing royal control and increased taxation

Anne of Austria

Mother of Louis XIV, her affection for Louis XIV was more public than what many aristocratic women did at the time.

Louis XIV of France

He ruled through absolutism and believed in divine right. He was the "Sun King" because he reigned from 1643-1715, the longest in European history. He restored the Palace of Versailles. He revoked the Edict of Nantes because he did like division within his realm. He carried out the expansionist policy to the full extent. He was at war 33 of his 54-year personal rule. Believed in absolute monarchy. He ruled absolutely. Controlled the nobles at his palace.

Louis XIV quote regarding his power

"I am the State"

Louis XIV policies summariezed

One King, One Law, One Faith; Un Roi, Une Loi, Une Foi

Edict of Fountainbleu (1685)

- revoked the Edict of Nantes

- Huguenots fled, diminishing the merchant class

Jean Colbert

(1619-1683) Financial minister under the French king Louis XIV who promoted mercantilist policies.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Louis XIV wars

Wanted to gain territory, weaken Hapsburgs, support absolutism, support catholicism, weaken economic power of Dutch and UK. Made his country gain a huge amount of debt.

Sword Nobles

Sword nobles are the old nobility of France. Often they resisted Louis XIV and when they fell out of favor, Louis XIV would either replace them with new nobles of his liking, Robe Nobility, or appoint so many new Robe Nobles that would overrule Sword noble's power.

Robe Nobles

The nobles whose nobility was either acquired by serving in the bureaucracy or had purchased them (thereby raising money to support Louis XIV's wars).

Estates General (Their relation to Louis XIV)

France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. During his reign, Louis XIV never called the Estates General to session.

Code Louis

centralized, uniform code of law for all of France which had previously used regional laws. These laws did not provide any equity and continued the privilege of nobility.

Gallacanism

The idea that French Roman Catholic clergy favored the restriction of papal control and the achievement by each nation of individual adminstrative authority (basically France controls it's clergy, NOT Rome or the Catholic church).

Life at Versailles

The king insisted that some of the most powerful nobles live at least part of the year at Versailles. These nobles became dependent on the king and turned into idle, corrupt flatterers, gamblers, and gossips. Small quarters.

War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713)

A war fought over the Spanish throne. Louis XIV wanted it for his grandson and fought a war against the Dutch, English, and the Holy Roman Empire to gain the throne for France. The Peace of Utrecht ended the war.

Peace of Utrecht (1713)

ended the war of the Spanish Succession and confirmed Philip V as Spanish ruler. Led a Spanish Bourbon dynasty but said that Spain and France's thrones were to be separate. The Spanish Netherlands, Milan and Naples were given to Austria. Prussia got some land and Britain got Gibraltar for their navy as well as French possessions of Newfoundland, Hudson Bay and Nova Scotia.

Reconquista of Spain

Christian efforts made following the Crusades to take over Muslim lands and drive them out of Spain.

Hohenzollerns

This was the royal dynasty of electors in Prussia

Frederick William the Great Elector

This was the man who starting absolutism in Prussia by uniting the three provinces of Prussia under one ruler

Junkers

Members of the Prussian landed aristocracy, a class formerly associated with political reaction and militarism.

Frederick William I of Prussia

(r. 1713-1740) doubled the size of the Prussian army (though still smaller than those of his rivals, it was the best-trained and most up-to-date force in Europe); known as the "Sergeant King," was one of the first ruler to wear a military uniform as his everyday dress; subordinated the entire domestic administration to the army's needs; installed a system for recruiting soldiers by local district quotas; financed the army's growth by subjecting all the provinces to an excise tax on food, drink, and manufactured goods and by increasing rents on crown lands

Boyars

Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts

Holy Russia

term given to Russia after Turks took over Constantinople. Russia considered itself inheritor of Eastern Christianity

Ivan IV (the Terrible)

Confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of the boyars; continued policy of expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture.

Peter the Great of Russia

part of the Romanov Dynasty; was an absolutist monarch who claimed the divine right to rule; he westernized & modernized Russia thus making it a great military power; created the first Russian Navy; divided Russia into provinces; and established St. Petersburg as the capital of Russia.

Peter the Great in Northwestern Europe

Worked as a shipbuilder posing as a "Russian VIP". This allowed Peter to learn hands-on about sailing vessels.

Streltsy Rebellion

Noble families rebel while Peter is in Europe. When he returns he brutally crushes the rebellion and hangs their corpses on display

Beard Tax

A tax on those men in Russian who wore beards by Peter the Great as a method of Westernizing Russia. Those who had beards were required to carry a token stating that they had paid their beard tax.

Great Northern War

Russia vs. Sweden. Russia had Poland, Denmark and Saxony as allies. Treaty of Nystad is where Russia gained Latvia and Estonia and thus gained its Window on the West in the Baltic Sea

Reformed Russian Education under Peter

Peter sent many noble's children to study in Western Europe to set Russia's future on a modern course (likely because their parents would be slower to change).

Peter and the Orthodox Church

Because of their quarrels, Peter disbands the office of Patriarch in the Orthodox Church. and replaces it with a council of bishops called the Synod. This situation remains in place until the Russian Revolution.

St. Petersburg

Built by Peter the Great of Russia to attract Europeans and to get warm water ports. He made it his capital

Meritocracy in Peter's Russia

Peter set up a system that (theoretically) allowed for promotion in the military based on education level and ability and not nobility.

Constitutionalism

The theory developed in early modern England and spread elsewhere that royal power should be subject to legal and legislative checks.

Republicanism

A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.

James I of England

Divine right of kings, absolutist, Abandons the parliament, and alienates the puritans

Puritans

Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.

Charles I of England

1600-1649; King of England 1625-1649; numerous conflicts with Parliament; fought wars with France, Spain, and Scotland; eventually provoked Civil War, convicted of treason, and beheaded by Cromwell

Long Parliament (1640-1660)

Parliament who did not trust Charles I, a despotic king with an army, and resisted Charles's religious innovations. This Parliament enacted legislation that limited the power of the monarch and made government without Parliament impossible. It established that it could not be dissolved without its own consent. Parliament also had to meet a minimum of once every three years. Ship money was abolished. Leaders of persecution of Puritans had to be tried and executed. The Star Chamber was abolished. Common law courts were supreme to king's courts. It also refused funds to raise army to defeat Irish revolts. Puritans came to represent the majority in Parliament

English Civil War (1642-1649)

A conflict over royal versus parliamentary rights, caused by King Charles I's arrest of his parliamentary critics and ending with his execution. Its outcome checked the growth of royal absolutism and, with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the English Bill of Rights of 1689, ensured that England would be a constitutional monarchy.

Oliver Cromwell

English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

Protectorate (1653-1658)

The English military dictatorship (1653-1658) established by Oliver Cromwell following the execution of Charles I.

Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan

Believes that humans were naturally selfish and wicked, and governments were needed to keep order and rulers needs absolute power to keep citizens under control.

Charles II (1660-1685)

Stuart Restoration

- he learned the lessons of his predecessors (Don't mess with Parliament!)

- religious toleration, but leaned toward the Catholics.

- Test Act (1673).

- Habeas Corpus Act (1679).

- he launched bold new foreign policy ventures challenging the Dutch for the commercial leadership of Europe.

Test Act of 1673

Charles II's Parliament said that only Anglicans could hold military and civil offices

Habeus Corpus Act of 1679

Right to a speedy trial. Political parties start to form.

James II (1685-1688)

Final Stuart ruler who was Catholic and pushed for return to absolutism; he was forced to abdicate in favor of William and Mary, who agreed to the Bill of Rights, guaranteeing parliamentary supremacy.

Glorious Revolution (1688)

The bloodless coup in 1688 in England when James II (a Catholic) gave up the throne and his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange (of the Netherlands) - both Protestants - replaced James II to reign jointly. No Catholic monarch has reigned in England since.

English Bill of Rights (1689)

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

John Locke, Second Treatise of Government

Humans have the right to life, liberty and property and government was to protect those rights. Rejected "Divine Right" and believed in a social contract

David Hume

Scottish philosopher whose sceptical philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses (1711-1776)

The Golden Age of the Dutch Republic

early 1600s due to political stability, economic prosperity, and cultural achievements.

Stadholder

The executive officer in each of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, a position often held by the princes of Orange. (Effectively an elected ruler-though the leader of the House of Orange seems to always have held this position).

Dutch East India Company

A company founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. Richer and more powerful than England's company, they drove out the English and Established dominance over the region. It ended up going bankrupt and being bought out by the British

Peter Paul Rubens

is the most famous Baroque artist who studied Michelangelo in Italy and took that Renaissance style to the next level of drama, motion, color, religion and animation, which is portrayed in his paintings

Baroque

An artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrasting elements