EXAM CRAM TIME

An acid that is completely dissociated is a weak acid.

a)True

b)False

b)False (weak acids are only partially dissoc)

A base that is partially dissociated is a strong acid.

a)True

b)False

b)False (strong bases are fully dissociated)

Which of the following is a weak acid?

a)HCL

b)H2SO4

c)H2CO3

d)KOH

e)NaOH

c)H2CO3

Which of the following is a weak base?

a)HCL

b)H2SO4

c)H2CO3

d)NH4OH

e)NaOH

d)NH4OH

----solution is when the pH is below 7 and there is an excess in hydrogen concentration, whereas ---- pH is when the pH is above 7 and there is an excess in hydroxyl group concentration.

a)Acidic

b)Alkaline/basic

c)Neutral

a)Acidic

b)Alkaline/basic

The blood pH is termed acidosis if it is

a)˂ 7.00

b)= 7

c)˂ 7.45

d)˂ 7.40

e)˂ 7.35

e)˂ 7.35

The blood pH is termed alkalosis if it is

a)> 7.45

b)> 7.00

c)> 7.35

d)= 7

e)˂ 7.45

a)> 7.45

Patients risk death if their blood pH is ----

a)< 6.8 or > 8.0

b)< 6.95 or > 7.7

c)< 6.9 or > 7.3

d)< 7.5 or > 7.75

e)< 7 or > 7.6

a)< 6.8 or > 8.0

The blood pO2 is ------mmHg

a) 3.5 - 5.5

b) 7.35 - 7.45

c) 22 - 26

d) 35 - 45

e) 80 - 100

e) 80 - 100

The blood pH is -------

a) 6.35 - 7.00

b) 7 - 7.5

c)˂ 7.45

d)˂ 7.40

e) 7.35 - 7.45

e) 7.35 - 7.45

The blood pCO2 is -----mmHg.

a) 22 - 26

b) 35 - 45

c) ˂ 45

d) ˂ 35

e) 80 - 100

b) 35 - 45

The blood HCO3- is -----mEq/L.

a) 22 - 26

b) 35 - 45

c) ˂ 22

d) ˂ 26

e) 80- 100

a) 22 - 26

The most abundant buffer system in ECF for acid-base homeostasis is:

a)Ammonia

b)Amino groups

c)Bicarbonate

d)Hemoglobin

e)Phosphate

c)Bicarbonate

The blood pH maintains a

a)20:1 ratio : HCO3- : H2CO3

b)20:1 ratio : H2CO3: HCO3-

c)10:1 ratio : HCO3- : H2CO3

d)10:1 ratio : H2CO3: HCO3-

a)20:1 ratio : HCO3- : H2CO3

A buffer solution is one which resists changes in ----- when small quantities of an acid or an alkali are added to it.

a)pH

b)Pressure

c)Temperature

a)pH

Acidic buffer solutions are commonly made from a --- and one of its salts.

a)Strong acid

b)Strong base

c)Weak acid

d)Weak base

c)Weak acid

Alkaline buffer solutions are commonly made from a --- and one of its salts.

a)Strong acid

b)Strong base

c)Weak acid

d)Weak base

d)Weak base

Strong acids/bases are strong buffers because they make the system more acidic/basic.

a)True

b)False

b)False - they are poor buffers for this reason

In acid-base balance, arrange the following from the fastest to the slowest:

i.Respiratory mechanism

ii.Metabolic mechanism

iii.Chemical buffer system

a)i - ii - iii

b)iii - ii - i

c)ii - i - ii

d)iii - i - ii

e)i - iii - ii

d)iii - i - ii

The first line of defence against pH shift are----

a)Chemical buffers

b)Physiological buffers

a)Chemical buffers

The renal mechanism is faster than the respiratory mechanism in terms of acid-base balance.

a)True

b)False

b)False

In acid-base homeostasis, increasing the rate of respiration and depth will result in acidosis.

a)True

b)False

b)False

In acid-base homeostasis, hyperventilation can lead to:

a)Metabolic acidosis

b)Metabolic alkalosis

c)Respiratory acidosis

d)Respiratory alkalosis

d)Respiratory alkalosis

In acid-base homeostasis, hypoventilation can lead to:

a)Metabolic acidosis

b)Metabolic alkalosis

c)Respiratory acidosis

d)Respiratory alkalosis

c)Respiratory acidosis

Hyperventilation increases plasma basicity , whereas hypoventilation increases plasma acidity

a)True

b)False

a)True

---- mechanism is managed by the kidneys: is based on bicarbonate ions production. Too ----- bicarbonate will decrease the plasma acidity leading to alkalosis. Kidneys can also get rid of large amounts of acids (H+) to reduce acidosis.

a)Little

b)Much

c)Metabolic

d)Respiratory

c)Metabolic

b)Much

In acid-base homeostasis, ------- can eliminate acids or excrete base:

a)Lung

b)Liver

c)Kidney

d)Heart

c)Kidney

In acid-base homeostasis, the kidneys get rid of CO2, whereas the lungs get rid of H+.

a)True

b)False

b)False - kidneys produce HCO3 & rid H+

In acid-base homeostasis, too much bicarbonate can lead to:

a)Metabolic acidosis

b)Metabolic alkalosis

c)Respiratory acidosis

d)Respiratory alkalosis

b)Metabolic alkalosis

In acid-base homeostasis, too much excretion of H+ can lead to:

a)Metabolic acidosis

b)Metabolic alkalosis

c)Respiratory acidosis

d)Respiratory alkalosis

b)Metabolic alkalosis

In acid-base homeostasis, if there is a problem with the kidneys, then compensation will be from the lungs, -------compensation. Whereas, if there is a problem with the lungs, then compensation will be from the kidneys, --------compensation.

a)Metabolic

b)Respiratory

b)Respiratory

a)Metabolic

In acid-base imbalance, in case of acidosis, there is ---of the central nervous system. This is associated with ---due to alkalosis.

a)Stimulation

b)Relaxation

c)Hyperkalemia

d)Hypokalemia

b)Relaxation

c)Hyperkalemia

In ICF/ECF, in case of acidosis, potassium is more likely to increase in plasma.

a)True

b)False

a)True

High levels of CO2 in blood is termed

a)Hypocapnia

b)Hypercapnia

c)Hyperkalemia

d)Hypernatremia

e)Hyperglycemia

b)Hypercapnia

In acid-base imbalance, respiratory acidosis is due to hypoventilation or hypercapnia or ----

a)Decreased HCO3-

b)Decreased CO2

c)Increased HCO3-

d)Increased CO2

d)Increased CO2

In acid-base imbalance: respiratory acidosis could be compensated by giving the patient ------- solution as it will be converted to bicarbonate ions in the liver.

a)Fructose

b)Glucose

c)Lactose

d)Lactate

e)Malate

d)Lactate

In acid-base imbalance: the treatment for respiratory acidosis could be any of the followings EXCEPT:

a)Restore ventilation

b)Lactate solution

c)Kidneys eliminate hydrogen ions

d)Kidneys retain bicarbonate ions

e)Hypoventilation

e)Hypoventilation

In acid-base imbalance, metabolic acidosis is due to elevated proton concentration or ----

a)Decreased HCO3-

b)Decreased CO2

c)Increased HCO3-

d)Increased CO2

a)Decreased HCO3-

In acid-base imbalance: metabolic acidosis could be compensated by giving the patient ------- solution as it will be converted to bicarbonate ions in the liver.

a)Fructose

b)Glucose

c)Lactose

d)Lactate

e)Malate

d)Lactate

The following are symptoms of --------

- Headache, lethargy

- Nausea,

- Vomiting

- Diarrhea

- Coma

a)Metabolic acidosis

b)Metabolic alkalosis

c)Respiratory alkalosis

d)Respiratory acidosis

a)Metabolic acidosis

In acid-base imbalance: the treatment for metabolic acidosis could be all the followings EXCEPT:

a)Restore ventilation

b)IV lactate solution

c)Kidneys eliminate hydrogen ions if possible

d)K+ exchanges with excess H+ in ECF

e)Hypoventilation

e)Hypoventilation

In acid-base imbalance, in case of alkalosis, there is ---of the central nervous system. That goes hand in hand with the symptoms seen in ---due to acidosis.

a)Stimulation

b)Relaxation

c)Hyperkalemia

d)Hypokalemia

a)Stimulation

c)Hyperkalemia

In ICF/ECF, in case of alkalosis, potassium is more likely to decrease in plasma.

a)True

b)False

a)True

In acid-base imbalance, respiratory alkalosis is due to hyperventilation or hypocapnia or ----

a)Decreased HCO3-

b)Decreased CO2

c)Increased HCO3-

d)Increased CO2

b)Decreased CO2

In acid-base imbalance, respiratory alkalosis is less common.

a)True

b)False

b)False

The most common acid-base imbalance is ------

a)Metabolic acidosis

b)Metabolic alkalosis

c)Respiratory alkalosis

d)Respiratory acidosis

c)Respiratory alkalosis

In acid-base imbalance: respiratory alkalosis could be compensated by giving the patient ------- solution as it will replace the bicarbonate ions in the liver.

a)Chloride

b)Fructose

c)Glucose

d)Lactate

e)Malate

a)Chloride

In acid-base imbalance: the treatment for respiratory alkalosis could be any of the followings EXCEPT:

a)Breathe into a paper bag

b)Hyperventilation

c)IV Chloride containing solution

d)Kidneys eliminate bicarbonate ions

e)Kidneys retain hydrogen ions

b)Hyperventilation

In acid-base imbalance, metabolic alkalosis is due to decreased proton concentration or ----

a)Decreased HCO3-

b)Decreased CO2

c)Increased HCO3-

d)Increased CO2

c)Increased HCO3-

In acid-base imbalance, excess vomiting can lead to ------- due to loss of stomach acid.

a)Metabolic acidosis

b)Metabolic alkalosis

c)Respiratory alkalosis

d)Respiratory acidosis

b)Metabolic alkalosis

The following are symptoms of --------

- Respiration slow and shallow (patients try to hold on to the CO2)

- Hyperactive reflexes ; Tetany

Often related to depletion of electrolytes

- Atrial tachycardia

- Dysrhythmias

a)Metabolic acidosis

b)Metabolic alkalosis

c)Respiratory alkalosis

d)Respiratory acidosis

b)Metabolic alkalosis

In acid-base imbalance: the treatment for metabolic alkalosis could be all the followings EXCEPT:

a)IV chloride solution

b)Electrolytes solution

c)Hyperventilation

c)Hyperventilation

In acid-base imbalance: the treatment for metabolic alkalosis via respiratory compensation is difficult as hypoventilation is limited by -------.

a)Hypoxia

b)Hypocapnea

c)Hypercapnea

a)Hypoxia

In acid-base imbalance: The following Henderson Hasselbalch equation represents:

- decrease pH & ^ CO2

a)Metabolic acidosis

b)Metabolic alkalosis

c)Respiratory acidosis

d)Respiratory alkalosis

c)Respiratory acidosis

In acid-base imbalance: The following Henderson Hasselbalch equation represents:

- ^ pH & decrease CO2

a)Metabolic acidosis

b)Metabolic alkalosis

c)Respiratory acidosis

d)Respiratory alkalosis

d)Respiratory alkalosis

In acid-base imbalance: The following Henderson Hasselbalch equation represents:

- decreased pH, decreased HCO3

a)Metabolic acidosis

b)Metabolic alkalosis

c)Respiratory acidosis

d)Respiratory alkalosis

a)Metabolic acidosis

In acid-base imbalance: The following Henderson Hasselbalch equation represents:

- ^ pH & ^ HCO3

a)Metabolic acidosis

b)Metabolic alkalosis

c)Respiratory acidosis

d)Respiratory alkalosis

b)Metabolic alkalosis

In acid-base homeostasis, the body response to acid-base imbalance is called compensation.

a)True

b)False

a)True

In acid-base homeostasis, if the lungs or kidneys were able to return the blood pH to normal range, pH 7.35-7.45, it is called----

a)Partial compensation

b)Complete compensation

b)Complete compensation

In acid-base homeostasis, if the lungs or kidneys were not in their normal range and they couldn't return the blood pH to normal range, pH 7.35-7.45, it is called----

a)Partial compensation

b)Complete compensation

a)Partial compensation

In acid-base imbalance: In general, the blood samples are collected from:

a)The veins

b)The arteries

b)The arteries

In acid-base imbalance: patient with respiratory acidosis may progress to respiratory alkalosis if ---

a)Hyperventilated

b)Hypoventilated

a)Hyperventilated

In acid-base imbalance: severe ---results in loss of bicarbonate ions, which results in metabolic acidosis. Whereas ----results in acidic stomach fluids loss and -----.

a)Diarrhoea

b)Metabolic alkalosis

c)Metabolic acidosis

d)Overhydration

e)Vomiting

a)Diarrhoea

e)Vomiting

b)Metabolic alkalosis

In acid-base imbalance: excessive ingestion of antacids in a patient with gastric ulcers can cause:

a)Metabolic acidosis

b)Metabolic alkalosis

c)Respiratory acidosis

d)Respiratory alkalosis

b)Metabolic alkalosis

In acid-base imbalance: excessive pyloric stenosis and vomiting can cause:

a)Metabolic acidosis

b)Metabolic alkalosis

c)Respiratory acidosis

d)Respiratory alkalosis

b)Metabolic alkalosis

In acid-base imbalance: excessive with severe diarrhoea of several days duration can cause:

a)Metabolic acidosis

b)Metabolic alkalosis

c)Respiratory acidosis

d)Respiratory alkalosis

a)Metabolic acidosis

In acid-base imbalance: Is a fall in pO2 always accompanied by a rise in pCO2 or vice versa.

a)Yes

b)No

b)No

In acid-base imbalance: a fall in pO2 is not always accompanied by a rise in pCO2 or vice versa. For example, in case of ---e--because --a-is 20x more soluble in water than -b---.

a)CO2

b)O2

c)Decreased ventilation

d)Hyperlipidemia

e)Pulmonary oedema

e)Pulmonary oedema

a)CO2

b)O2

Metabolic ------- patients are more likely to have low level of O2 bound to

Hemoglobin (pO2).

a)Acidosis

b)Alkalosis

b)Alkalosis

Metabolic ------- patients are more likely to have high level of O2 bound to

Hemoglobin (pO2).

a)Acidosis

b)Alkalosis

a)Acidosis

In acid-base imbalance: What is a good marker for poor tissue oxygenation or hypoxia?

a)Glucose level

b)Hemoglobin

c)Lactate

d)Malate

e)Thiazide diuretics

c)Lactate

A patient presenting with respiratory acidosis due to COAD, will be placed on ----- to increase water excretion.

a)Hyperventilation

b)Thiazide diuretics

b)Thiazide diuretics

In acid-base imbalance: patient with respiratory acidosis may progress to -----------if overventilated.

a)Metabolic acidosis

b)Respiratory alkalosis

c)Respiratory acidosis

b)Respiratory alkalosis

In acid-base imbalance: In some cases, we can find patients with mixed acid-base imbalance. For example, metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis in -------.

a)Alcohol abuse

b)Chloride solution overdose

c)Lactate solution overdose

d)Salicylate overdose

d)Salicylate overdose

In acid-base imbalance: patient with respiratory acidosis may progress to -----------if given thiazide diuretics.

a)Metabolic acidosis

b)Metabolic alkalosis

c)Respiratory acidosis

d)Respiratory alkalosis

b)Metabolic alkalosis

In acid-base imbalance: severe ----------- results in loss of bicarbonate ions, which results in metabolic acidosis. Whereas vomiting results in acidic stomach fluids loss and -------- --------.

a)Diarrhoea

b)Metabolic alkalosis

c)Metabolic acidosis

d)Overhydration

e)Vomiting

a)Diarrhoea

b)Metabolic alkalosis

In acid-base imbalance: Diabetic ketoacidosis can cause ----------.

a)Metabolic acidosis

b)Metabolic alkalosis

c)Respiratory acidosis

d)Respiratory alkalosis

a)Metabolic acidosis

In acid-base imbalance: excessive pyloric stenosis and vomiting can cause:

a)Metabolic acidosis

b)Metabolic alkalosis

c)Respiratory acidosis

d)Respiratory alkalosis

b)Metabolic alkalosis

In acid-base imbalance: A fall in pO₂ is always accompanied by a rise in pCO₂ or vice versa.

a)True

b)False

b)False

In acid-base imbalance: a fall in pO₂ is not always accompanied by a rise in pCO₂ or vice versa. For example, in case of -------- ---- because ---------- is 20x more soluble in water than O₂.

a)CO₂

b)O₂

c)Decreased ventilation

d)Hyperlipidemia

e)Pulmonary oedema

e)Pulmonary oedema

a)CO₂

In acid-base imbalance: state 5 causes for low pO₂.

1.Pulmonary odema

2.Severe asthma

3.Gross obesity

4.Chronic bronchitis

5.Pneumonia

In acid-base imbalance: poor oxygenation of blood is always due to poor ventilation, or lack of oxygen.

a)True

b)False

b)False

One molecule of hemoglobin can bind ------ molecules of oxygen.

a)1

b)2

c)3

d)4

e)5

d)4

In acid-base imbalance: poor oxygenation of blood is not always due to poor ventilation, or lack of oxygen. For example due to:

a)Anaemia

b)Hyperventilation

c)Low CO₂

d)Low CO

a)Anaemia

In acid-base imbalance: What is a good marker for poor tissue oxygenation or hypoxia?

a)Glucose and acid

b)Hemoglobin and acid

c)Lactate and acid

d)Malate and acid

e)Thiazide diuretics

c)Lactate and acid

Level of haemoglobin oxygenation can be monitored by “Pulse Oximeter”.

a)True

b)False

a)True

The following are thyroid hormones:

TRH - TSH - T3 and T4

a)True

b)False

a)True

-----causes increased metabolism, whereas ----causes decreased metabolism.

a)Hypothyroidism

b)Hyperthyroidism

b)Hyperthyroidism

a)Hypothyroidism

Weight gain and cold intolerance are seen in ----. Whereas, sweating, weight loss and heat intolerance are seen in -----.

a)Hypothyroidism

b)Hyperthyroidism

a)Hypothyroidism

b)Hyperthyroidism

----reduces the basal metabolic rate (BMR), whereas, ----increases the BMR.

a)Hypothyroidism

b)Hyperthyroidism

a)Hypothyroidism

b)Hyperthyroidism

----could be associated with a deficiency in LPL activity. As a consequences, ------could be elevated.

a)Hypothyroidism

b)Hyperthyroidism

c)LDL and VLDL

d)HDL

a)Hypothyroidism

c)LDL and VLDL

Goiter and cretinism are both happening due to lack of ------

a)Calcium

b)Copper

c)Iodine

d)Iron

e)Potassium

c)Iodine

-----are formed during the organification of thyroglobulin, whereas -------are formed during the coupling of iodotyrosine.

a)T1 & T2

b)T3 & T4

c)T1 & T3

d)T2 & T4

e)T1 & T4

a)T1 & T2

b)T3 & T4

Among the front line tests for diagnosis in measurement of serum thyroid hormone levels are rT4 & TSH.

a)True

b)False

b)False

Which of the following thyroid hormones has the highest biological activity?

a)T4

c)T3

d)rT3

c)T3 7%

Which of the following thyroid hormones is more abundant?

a) T4

b) T3

c) rT3

a) T4 93%

Which of the following is NOT among the steroid hormones?

a)GlucocorticoidsMineralocorticoids

b)Progestogens (progesterones)

c)Sex Steroids

d)Vitamin D

e)T3 & T4

e)T3 & T4

Thyroxine is ----, which is converted to the more active form, ----, when the target tissues need it.

a) T4

b) T3

c) rT3

a) T4

b) T3

The most abundant circulating steroid hormone in humans is Pregnenolone.

a) True

b) False

b) False