Exam 3 X phys

Growth hormone (GH)

• anterior pit

• increases

  • growth

  • Free Fatty Acid (FFA) mobilization

  • gluconeogenesis: synthesizing glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors (lactate, glycerol, amino acids) primarily in the liver and kidney to maintain blood glucose levels during fasting or intense exercise

• decreases

  • glucose uptake

• Controed by: Hypothalamic GH-releasing hormone,

• inhibits: hypothalamic somatostatin

• Stimulation: exercise, stress, low blood glucose

• Exercise: increaseses GH

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH)

• anti pit

• increase

  • synthesis & secretion of cortisol

• controlled by :

  • hypothalamic ACTH-releasing hormone

• stimulation:

  • stress

  • bone break

  • heavy exercise

  • burns

• Exercise effect unknown

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin

• posterior pit

• decreases

  • water loss at kidneys

• increases

  • peripheral resistant (resistant against water retention)

• controlling factors:

  • hypothalamic neurons

• stimulation;

  • plasma volume

  • plasma osmolarity

• ADH increases when exercising

cortisol

• anti-pit

• adrenal cortex

• increases

  • glconeogenesis

  • free fatty acid mobilization

  • protein synthesis

• decreases

  • glucose utilization

• controlling factors:

  • ACTH

• stimulation

  • stress

  • bone breaks

  • heavy exercise

  • burns

• High-intensity exercise increases (spikes) cortisol levels

• Light-intensity exercise decreases cortisol levels

Aldosterone

• adrenal cortex

• increases

  • potassium secretion

  • Sodium reabsorption at kidney

• controlling factors:

  • plasma potassium concentration

  • reninangiotensin system

• stimulation

  • low blood pressure and plasma volume

  • elevated plasma potassium

  • sympathetic activity to kidney

• Exercise: increases aldosterone

epinephrine/neuroepinephrine

• adrenal gland

• adrenal medulla

• increases:

  • glycogenolysis

  • free fatty acid mobilization

  • heart rate

  • stroke volume

  • peripheral resistance

• controlling factors:

  • output of baroreceptors

  • glucose receptor in the hypothalamus

  • brain and spinal centers

• stimulus

  • low blood pressure

  • low blood glucose

  • too much emotional stress

• Exercise increases epinephrine/neuroepinephrine

insulin

• pancreas

• increases

  • glucose amino acid

  • free fatty acid uptake into tissue

• controlling factors

  • plasma glucose and amino acid concentrations

  • autonomic nervous system

• stimuli

  • elevated

    • plasma

    • glucose

    • amino acid concentrations

• decreased by :

  • epinephrine/norepinephrine

• Exercise decreases insulin

glucagon

• pancreas

• increases

  • glucose

  • free fatty acid mobilization

  • gluconeogenesis

• controlling factors

  • plasma glucose

  • amino acid concentrations

  • autonomic nervous system

• stimuli

  • low plasma glucose

  • low amino acid concentration

  • elevated epinephrine/norepinephrine

• Exercise increases glucagon