IB Biology Homeostasis and Hormones Vocab

Homeostasis

 regulatory mechanism to maintain stability in changing environments

• internal body temp, ph of blood, blood glucose concentration, blood osmotic concentration 

Negative Feedback mechanisms

physiological process that brings back values back to the standard homeostasis valves

Endocrine system

 numerous glands that produce variety of hormones, hormones transported through bloodstream from the gland its produced from to the its target cells

Hormone

chemical messenger produced by various glands in the body  travel through the bloodstream to regulate and coordinate specific functions in different organs and tissues.

• ex: insulin (regulates blood sugar), aderelanin

Autonomic Nervous System

nervous system that controls the automatic functions of your body that you need to survive,  processes you don't think about and that your brain does naturally

Hypothalamus

control center/body's thermostat , keep body in a stable state homeostasis. influencing your autonomic nervous system or by managing hormones.

Blood Glucose

The amount of sugar (glucose) in the blood, which provides energy to cells for cellular respiration, fluctuates depending on food or physical activity, hormones like insulin and glucagon help maintain levels 

Beta-cells of the pancreas

produce hormone insulin, secreted into bloodstream and exposed to body cells to open protein channels in their plasma membrane in order to allow glucose to diffuse into cell(facilitated diffusion) 

also stimulates muscle cells and liver cells to take glucose and convert it into glycogen in order to be stored in the cytoplasm

• overall to lower blood glucose levels 

Alpha-cells of the pancreas:

produce and secrete glucagon circulate blood stream and simulated hydrolysis of the granules of glycogen in Hepatocytes(liver cells) and muscle cells , the hydrolysis of glycogen produces  glucose that enters bloodstream to increase the glucose concentration in blood for body cells

• overall to raise blood glucose levels 

Insulin

 hormone produced and secreted by pancreas that helps cells absorb glucose from blood to  to lower blood glucose levels 

Glucagon

hormone produced and secreted by pancreas that simulates the liver to release stored glucose to raise blood glucose levels 

Hyperglycemia

 high blood glucose known as diabetes 

• damage to retina of eye, blindness

• kids furniture

• nerve damage

• risk of cardiovascular disease

  • poor wound healing 

Diabetes type I

autoimmune diseases where immune system destroys b cells of pancreas making insulin not be produced and thus glucose is not removed from the bloodstream

Diabetes type II

pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin and thus  body cells receptors not responding properly to insulin and thus cells do not take in sufficient glucose levels and glucose builds up doesn't remove glucose enough 

Insulin resistance:

when body cells don't respond to insulin as they did before , requires more 

Thermoregulation

the regulation of body temperature

Thyroxin

 hormones that increase the metabolic rate of body cells to generate heat

• cold temps cause hypothalamus to stimulate Thyroxin release to increase metabolic rate to generate heat 

  • hotter tempers cause hypothalamus to inhibit Thyroxin released to decrease metabolic rate to reduce heat production

Brown adipose

 higher proportion of fat contain more mitochondria than other fat cells, use mitochondria to begin cell respiration , glucose oxidized for purpose of generating body to maintain body temp