Social Studies Praxis 5004 - U.S. History ONLY

New England, Middle Atlantic, and Southern

what are the 3 groups of colonies

New England

is six states of the Northeast U.S.; life was centered around towns, but economics were also focused on manufacturing, fishing, shipbuilding, and trade. Most settlers arrived from England and Scotland. Adult males met to make laws

Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont

what are the 3 states from the New England colonies?

Middle Atlantic Colonies

one time, New York and New Jersey were Dutch colony of New Netherland, and Delaware was once New Sweden. These colonies were the melting pot with settlers from all over. Main economic was based on farming. The Native Americans were not as much of a threat. This region was known as the “breadbasket” of the new world, since their seaports were constantly full of meat and flour. There was also ship building, iron mining, and production of paper, glass, and textiles in factories

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland

what are the 5 states from the Middle Atlantic Colonies?

Southern colonies

Virginia was the first successful English colony and Georgia was the last. The year 1619 was important for Virginia and the U.S.

Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia

what are the 4 states from the Southern Colonies?

Maryland, Pennsylvania

which colonies had religious freedom?

Maryland

was established by Lord Baltimore in 1632 in hopes of providing refuge for English Catholics

Pennsylvania

William Penn received a royal charter for establishing Pennsylvania as a colony for Quakers; it had the highest proportion for German settlers during the colonial period

Virginia

where is the House of Burgesses

Taxation without representation

what started the Road to Revolution

Proclamation act

prohibited English settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains to appease the Native Americans

Sugar act

imposed a tax on foreign sugars imported into the colony

Currency act

prohibited colonial government from issuing paper money; opposition began in Massachusetts based on “taxation without representation”

Stamp Act

put tax on newspapers, legal documents, licenses, almanacs, and playing cards. In response, the colonies formed the Sons of Liberty and staged riots against tax collectors. It was repealed within 3 months

Townshend Acts

put taxes on lead, glass, paint, paper, and tea in order to generate revenue and regain control of the colonists

Tea Act

1773 gave the British East India Company a monopoly on the sales of tea

The Boston Massacre

1770 five Boston colonists are shot by British troops (known as “regulars” or “redcoats”) as a result of tension caused by a heavy tax burden which was imposed through the Townshend Acts

Boston Tea Party

12/6/1773 a new tax on tea made Boston colonists angry; these colonists were known as the Sons of Liberty; they dressed as Mohawks and boarded British ships and dumped crates of tea into the Boston Harbor

First Continental Congress

1774 issued the Declaration of Rights and Grievances which vowed allegiance to the king but protested the right of Parliament to tax the colonies

Second Continental Congress

established the Continental Army and chose George Washinton as its commanding general; they allowed printing of money and created government offices

Declaration of Independence

July 4, 1776 the Committee of Five (Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Rober Sherman, Rober Livingston, and Thomas Jefferson) were appointed by the Second Continental Congress to draft it; however, Thomas Jefferson wrote the first draft; it announced that the 13 colonies regarded themselves as thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and no longer a part of the British Empire

Revolutionary War

1775-1783, also known as the American War for Independence, was a war between Britain and the 13 colonies

Saratoga

1777 often called the turning point of the Revolutionary War because it increased confidence of the French government in the American forces; France began sending aid the next year

Alliance with France

Benjamin Franklin negotiated an agreement with France to fight with the Americans in 1778

Yorktown

1781 the last major battle of the Revolutionary War; the surrender of British Commander Charles Cornwallis and his troops was the unofficial end of the war

Treaty of Paris

1783 treaty that officially ended the Revolutionary War; it was negotiated in France; this was a peace treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain

Articles of Confederation

first attempt to establish an independent government; designed to protect states’ rights over those of the national government and sent to the colonies for ratification in 1777 and went into effect on March 1, 1778; had two major elements that proved unworkable

There was no centralized national government and there was no centralized power or tax regulate trade with other nations, or between states. With no national tax, the Revolution was financed by printing more and more money, which caused inflation

what are the 2 elements that proved the Articles of Confederation were unworkable

Constitution

1787 a convention was called to write a new constitution because the Articles of Confederation did not work; 12/13 states sent delegates (Rhode Island did not participate); this constitution created 3 branches of government with checks and balances

Executive, legislative, and judicial

3 branches of government

the president

the executive branch holds what

bicameral congress, now known as the House of Representatives and the Senate

the Legislative branch holds whay

the Supreme Court

the Judicial branch holds what

Checks and Balances

separation of power; the people were worried about the central government having too much power, since they had just been separated from the British

Federalist Papers

debates of the Congress and the concerns of the founding fathers were made available to the people of the nation in order to win popular support for the new proposed constitution

Federalists

led by Alexander Hamilton; they believed in a strong national government; they did not want a bill of rights because citizens were protected by the constitution

Anti-Federalists

were opposed to the ratification of the constitution because it lacked a bill of rights. Opponents of the constitution who saw it as a limitation on individual and states’ rights, their demands led to the addition of the Bill of Rights to the document

Bill of Rights

first 10 changes (amendments) to the constitution

Louisiana Purchase

1803 President Thomas Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory from Napolean Bonaparte, the ruler of France, for $15 million; the land area of the U.S. more than doubled, which included all of the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains; Jefferson sent Louis and Clarke to map the new territory

Lewis and Clark

explored the newly bought Louisiana Territory under Jefferson’s orders. The expedition was called the Corps of Discovery; they went to the Pacific Ocean and Discovered more about territory, also increasing the want for westward expansion which led to the belief in the doctrine Manifest Destiny

Manifest Destiny

this expression was popular in the 1840s; many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from “sea to sea”, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans; this rational drove the acquisition of territory; inevitable and granted by God

Trail of Tears

Native-Americans (Cherokee Indians) were forcibly removed from their land and made to march in the winter to reservations in Oklahoma; over 4,000 died out of 16,000 who were forced to go; one of the greatest tragedies in American history

Civil War

1860-1865 between the Union (northern states

Slavery

abolitionists want slavery to end; the south feared it would lose power in the national government; southern states secede after Lincoln’s election; confederates bomb Fort Sumter

Missouri Compromise

1820 there were 11 free states and 11 slave states; the fear of a power imbalance between slave and free states when Missouri petitioned to become a slave state brought about this agreement

Compromise of 1850

an attempt to smooth out the confrontation between the slave states of the South and the free states of the North regarding the status of territories acquired during the Mexican American War (1846-1848); the entry as Texas as a Slave State and the entry of California as a Free state; also, the start of the Fugitive Slave Law

Kansas-Nebraska Act

passed on May 25, 1854; this nullified the provision creating the territories of Kansas and Nebraska; this allowed people of the two territories to decide for themselves whether or not to permit slavery there; Kansas was given the nickname “Bloody Kansas” because there were two strong groups that opposed each other about slavery

Dred Scott decision

1857 a slave whose owner took him from the slave state of Missouri to the free state of Illinois, into Minnesota Territory (which was free). It was decided that the slave being in a free territory did not make him free, because he was not a U.S. citizen or a state citizen of Missouri

The Fugitive Slave Law

allowed slave owners to go into free states to retrieve their escaped slaves

Bleeding Kansas

was the name applied to the state when the Civil War broke out between pro and anti-slavery advocates while Kansas was trying to formalize its status before admitting as a state

Emancipation Proclamation

order given by Lincoln in 1863 to free the slaves; allowed blacks to fight for the union; paved the way for the 13th amendment which ended slavery

Amendment

a change or addition to the U.S. constitution; only 27 have been made to the constitution; must start in Congress and 2/3 of each house separately must approve it in order for it to progress on the path towards being a law; must be approved by 3/4 of the state legislatures, which is 38 states

13th

declared slavery illegal

14th

made all persons born in the U.S. citizens

15th

illegal to deny individuals the right to vote on the grounds of race

Great Depression

the Wall Street Crash (Black Tuesday) in October 1929 destroyed fortunes and dramatized the downward spiral of the whole economy. Weak banking system, over-production of goods, over spreading. (Herbert Hoover was President). By 1933, 14 million were unemployed, industrial production was down to 1/3 of its 1929 level, and the national income had dropped in half

New Deal

when President Franklin Roosevelt took office in 1933, he acted swiftly to try and stabilize the economy and provide jobs and relief to those who were suffering (the Great Depression). Over the next 8 years, the government instituted a series of experimental projects and programs that aimed to restore some measure of dignity and prosperity to many Americans; more than that, Roosevelt’s plan permanently changed the federal government’s relationship to the U.S. population

Civil Rights Act

declared that African Americans were entitled to “equal benefits of all laws…enjoyed by white citizens”. In simple terms, Black Americans were supposed to receive the same legal rights and protections that white citizens already had by law, but this did not happen

Vietnam War

1964-1973 resulted in a military draft; president during part of this war was Lyndon B. Johnson

Moon landing

President John F. Kennedy announced this goal in 1960, the first year of his presidency; it expanded the U.S. space program