HN World History Final Exam

How was the job of the popes transforming in the Middle Ages?

Popes have more secular power (governmental power), not just spiritual power.

Four problems of Medieval Church leaders

• worldliness

• simony

• nepotism

• immorality

What group began making reforms and preserved learning at first?

monostaries

Examples of other Church reforms

Rule of St.Benedict: prayer + work

Music: chant to involve people in prayer

Monasteries: preserved learning

Scholasticism: faith through reason/logic

Why did Urban II call the Crusades (goals)?

He wanted to reconquer Jerusalem.

Why did many Europeans join the Crusades and what problems did they have?

50,000 Crusades went for

• God and salvation

• adventure and glory

• land and wealth

Problem: unorganized (no plan, leader, or supply lines)

What does the truce of the Third Crusade tell us about the outcome?

1192- truce between Richard I and Saladin (Saladin won)

• Christian pilgrims could visit holy places

What was most unusual about the Fourth Crusade and when?

1204- sacking of Constantinople by Christians

• killed Jews + Muslims

Successes and failures of the Crusades

Success:

• recaptured Jerusalem

• established 4 crusader states

• 3rd Crusade (Saladin War)

Failures:

• loss of Jerusalem and Crusader states

• killed Jews + Muslims

How did European governments begin to change in this period?

• large warring kingdoms

• returning to strong central government

• monarchs decreased power of nobles

List several medieval inventions/ practices which improved agriculture in Europe

• horsehoe and collar

• iron plow

• windmill

• three field system

How did the agricultural changes impact European society?

more food- more people

What several practices helped revive trade in Europe?

• merchant/craft guilds

• banking

• Jews become money lenders

• trade routes

What are the characteristics of early European urbanization (where/how)?

• European cities grow

• Chinese cities grow

• feudalism declines- serfs move into cities; small trade towns grow into bigger cities

Which social groups grew or shrank in this period?

Grew: burghers/artisans/merchants (middle class)

Shrank: nobles and kings

Who led the last successful invasion of England and why?

William the Conqueror, because King Edward promised him the throne.

Four actions/steps by William to control England

• Doomsday Book

• castles

• feudalism

• Battle of Hastings (1066)

How did Eleanor of Aquitaine increased royal power

Marries Henry II and has boys. Brings French land that now belongs to England.

Why did King John have to sign Magna Carta?

Nobles kept losing army, battles, and land.

How big was the Mongol empire, and why was it short-lived?

Lagerst land empire

Fall: internal fighting + conquered by other groups

Three technologies and other tactics that enabled the Mongols success

• longbow

• horses

• siege warfare

• terror

Why did the pope move to Avignon in 1308?

problems between the pope and the king of France about taxation and lay investiture

What did the Council of Constance have to do after the failed Council of Pisa

Council of Constance: got rid of 3 popes

How did the Black Death got to Europe from Asia?

• spread over trade routes

Two ways the plague could be spread and why it stopped so quickly

1) flea-infested rats

2) airborne (cough, sneeze)

• stopped because the rats died out

Which country started the 100 Years War and why

England because the king, Edward III, wanted to reclaim lands and the throne of France

Which two military technologies changed warfare during the 100 Years War

• longbow

• siege cannons

Who led French troops near the end of the 100 Years War + what happened to her

Joan of Arc

She was captured by the English and killed for heresy.

Which animal most helped spur Trans-Saharan Trade+what goods were best?

Animals: camels

Goods:

• gold

• salt

• ivory

lay investiture

the appointment of religious officials by kings or nobles

secular

concerned with worldly rather than spiritual manners

Rule of St. Benedict

prayer + work

scholastics

scholars who gathered and taught at medieval European universities

Crusader States

Christian control over territories to protect Jerusalem

guilds

control goods + prices

usury

interest on loans, they banned it in the Middle Ages

burghers

a medieval merchant-class town dweller

universities

group of people who went to centers to study advance subjects

vernacular

the everyday language of people in a region or country

Timbuktu

trade + cultural center

Swahili

Relate the Church problems of simony and nepotism

Simony: buying jobs

Nepotism: family connections

Contrast characteristics of Romanesque and Gothic churches

Romanesque: (Old Style)

• dark/little light

• round windows

Gothic: (expensive)

• pointed arches

• stained glass + rose windows

• high walls + flying buttresses

Cause and Effect: list positive and negative results of the Crusades

Positive: 

• rebirth of international trade

• rediscovery of the ancient world

• rise of nations

Negative:

• Byzantium weakened

• decline of church’s reputation

Contrast the activities of Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta

Marco Polo: to seek trade opportunities; works for the Mongols as a diplomat

Ibn Battuta: to go on Mecca pilgrimage to see rest of the Muslim world; travels and writes a book

Cause and effect: list ways the Norman invasion impacted England

• change laws

• change language

• change customs

Contrast actions of Henry I and Henry II to increase royal power in England

Henry I: exchequer to collect taxes

Henry II:

• court system- judges+juries

• common law

Contrast the impact of Magna Carta and the Model Parliament on royal power

(1215) Magna Carta: limited the king’s power/granted rights

(1290) Model Parliament: add commoners

Cause and Effect: explain the econ + cult impacts of the “Pax Mongolia”

Cause and Effect: explain the impact of Mongol rule on China (govt, esp.)

• outlawed Confucianism + eliminated civil service

• Chinese were segregated from Mongol rule

Effect: how was the Church impacted by the Avignon Papacy and the Plague

They weakened the Church’s power and prestige.

Effect: how was the European economy +society both impacted by the Plague

Decline of population (1/3), trade, and the manorial system.

Cause and Effect: how did Mansa Musa’s hajj impact Mali and Egypt

Egypt: causes inflation by dumping gold into their economy

Mali: brought ideas

Contrast the West African empires with the Great Zimbabwe (govt, econ, cult)

Where did the first civilizations develop? Why there?

Mesopotamia (3500 B.C.)

Egypt (3000 B.C.)

India + China (2500 B.C.)

They all had rivers to access water for drinking, crops, travel, and fish. (Irrigation, fertile soil, trade)

Describe the Fertile Crescent:

A region of rich farm land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Stretched from the Mediterranean to the Persian Gulf.

What was the purpose and importance of Hammurabi’s Law Code?

Purpose: to unite the empire and create order

Importance: it’s the oldest, surviving, written law code; allowed everyone to know the rules

List four religious contributions of the Hebrews to us today

• tribes + kingdoms

• Yahweh (10 Commandments)

• temple

• Torah

Known as sea-faring traders, what was the greatest contribution of the Phoenicians?

Alphabet

What was the function of pyramids and the importance of the Rosetta Stone?

Pyramids functioned as tombs for the pharaohs.

Rosetta Stone helped read hieroglyphics.

Why is Rameses II called Great?

• long rule

• many building projects

• Treaty of Kadesh w/ Hittites

What drastically changed the ancient world around 1200 BC?

In 1200 BC, the Sea People caused the decline of many governments and cultures.

List Ancient Indus STEM advances:

• planned cities

• water/baths/sewage

• granaries

What is the end goal for both Hindu and Buddhist followers?

nirvana- ultimate reality: Heaven

Contrast Athenian and Spartan government and education

Athens: democracy; valued proper education

Spartan: military- discipline duty; daily life for young boys centered on military training; no proper education

Know typical characteristics of slaves in the ancient world

• debt slavery

• prisoner of war (POW)

• 1/3 of population

Who was the Father of History? Why?

Herodotus: 1st historian and man to do research

Art terms: ideal vs realistic, Parthenon

Parthenon: temple for Athena

What is Hellenism:

the blending of Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian cultures

Know the ideal leader described by Confucius in The Analects

Officials should govern with integrity and ethical behavior. Educated and virtuous/moral leaders should govern.

Contrast Athenian democracy and the Roman republic

Athenian democracy: rule by the people

Roman republic: reps and officers made laws for the people; chosen by the citizens

Know how Roman women legally/politically and socially differed from Greeks

Roman: social equal, not political equal

Greek: neither social or political equals

Know several Roman engineering advancements and three main art styles

Engineering: concrete, bridges, arch, domes

Art: mosaics, realistic portraits, frescoes

What were Roman contributions to law?

• right to a judge and a defense

• innocent until proven guilt

• equal treatment under the law

What was the political irony (2) of Caesar’s being named dictator?

• formed First Triumvirate to end civil wars

• he was assassinated

Why was Jesus a problem for the Hebrews and the Romans?

Hebrews: false Messiah

Rome: “New Kingdom” may cause political problems

Know several STEM and economic contributions of the Gupta

Economic

• coined money

• banking + checks

STEM:

• medical textbooks

• astronomy

• zero + numerals

Relate Confucius and civil service exams

Confucius:

Civil service exams: based on Confucian ideals, and were required to get a job

What are three reasons Justinian was Byzantium’s greatest ruler?

• reconquered territory (reached its greatest size)

• Corpus Juris Civilis

• Hagia Sophia

What are the Five Pillars of Islam?

1. Shahada: There is no god but god (Allah)

2. Salat: Ritual prayer five times a day

3. Sawn: Month-long fast during Ramadan

4. Zakat: almsgiving

5. Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca (try at least once)

Name several Muslim STEM contributions:

• astrolabe

• steel

• hospitals

• medical texts

What was the greatest contribution of Islam and Byzantium to today?

preserved ancient learning

Why were the Dark Ages “dark”?

there was a lack of government and culture

Define feudalism and explain related problems:

Feudalism: system of land given in exchange for military service

problems: vassals could be loyal to more than one lord

How did Charlemagne help Christianize the Franks (4)?

• missionaries

• parishes

• monasteries

• tithes

What Chinese products were most popular along the Silk Road?

• rice

• tea

• porcelain

• silk