PBS PLTW EOC REVIEW

biomedical science

the application of the principles of the natural sciences, especially biology and physiology

control group

the group in an experiment where the independent variable being tested is not applied so that it may serve as a standard for comparison against the experimental group where the independent variable is applied

dependent variable

the measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is inerested

experiment

a research study conducted to determine the effect that one variable has upon another variable

forensic science

the application of scientific knowledge to questions of civil and criminal law

hypothesis

clear prediction of the anticipated results of an experiment

independent variable

the variable that is varied or manipulated by the researcher

negative control

control group where conditions produce a negative outcome. negative control groups help identify outside influences which may be present that were not accounted for when the procedure was created

personal protective equipment

specialized clothing or equipment worn by an employee for protection against infectious materials

positive control

group expected to have a positive result, allowing the researcher t show that the experimental set up was capable of producing results

adenine

a component of nucleic acids, energy-carrying molecules such as ATP, and certain co-enzymes. Chemically, it is a purine base

chromosome

any of the usually linear bodies in the cell nucleus that contain the genetic material

cytosine

a component of nucleic acids that carries hereditary information in DNA and RNA in cells. chemically it is a pyrimidine base

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

a double-stranded helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell;s proteins

gel elctrophoresis

the separation of nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins

gene

a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA in some viruses)

guanine

a component of nucleic acids that carries hereditary information in DNA and RNA in cells. Chemically, it is a purine base

helix

something in spiral form

model

simplified version of something complex used, for example, to analyze and solve problems or make predicitons

nucleotide

a building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group

restriction enzyme

a degradative enzyme that recognizes specific nucleotide sequences and cuts up DNA

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)

differences in DNA sequence on homologous chromosomes that can result in different patterns of restriction fragment lengths (DNA segments resulting from treatment with restriction enzymes)

thymine

a component of nucleic acid that carries hereditary information in DNA in cells. Chemically, it is a pyrimidine base

autopsy

an examination of the body after death usually with such dissection as will expose the cital organs for determining the cause of death

bibliography

a document showing all the sources used to research information

medical examiner

a physician who performs an autopsy when death may be accidental or violent. He or she may also serve in some jurisdictions ac the coroner

during electrophoresis, what causes DNA to move out of the wells and through the gel?

the electric current moves DNA (negative charge) towards the positive side of the gel

what are two ways for a forensic pathologist to tell the time of death

algor mortis and livitity

what are the 5 manners of death

homicide, suicide, accident, natural, undefined

write a strand of DNA that would bind with this strand:

A T C G T C A G G

T A G C A G T C C

what are the three primary fingerprint ridge patterns?

plain, whorl, and radial

What is the Glastier equaison (to find time of death)

98.4 - recorded temp / 1.5 hours = # of hours since death

glucagon

a protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin

glucose tolerance test

a test of the body's ability to metabolize glucose that involves the administration of a measured dose of glucose that involves the administration of a measured dose of glucose to the fasting stomach and the determination of blood glucose levels in the blood or urine

homeostasis

the maintenance of relatively stable internal physiological conditions (as body temperature or the pH of blood) in higher animals under fluctuating environmental conditions

hormone

a product of living cells that circulates in blood and produces a specific, often stimulatory, effect on the activity of cells that are often far from the source of the hormone

insulin

a protein secreted by the pancreas that is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood

negative feedback

a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation

positive feedback

feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output

type 1 diabetes

diabetes of a form that usually develops during childhood or adolescence and is characterized by a sever deficiency of insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels

type 2 diabetes

diabetes of a form that develops especially in adults and most often obese individuals and that is characterized by high blood glucose resulting from impaired insulin utilization coupled with the body's inability to compensate with increased insulin production

adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP)

a compound composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups that supplies energy for many biochemical cellular processes by undergoing enzymatic hydrolysis

amino acid

an organic monomer which severs as a building block of proteins

calorie

the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree Celsius ; also the amount of heat energy that 1g of water releases when it cools by 1 degree Celsius. The Calorie (with a capital C) usually used to indicate the energy content of food, is a kilocalorie

carbohydrate

a sugar in the form of a monosaccharide, disaccharide or polysaccharide

chemical bond

an attractive force that holds together the atoms, ions, or groups of atoms in a molecule or compound

chemical indicator

a substance (as a dye) used to show visually usually by its capacity for color change, the condition of a solution with respect to the presence of free acid or alkali or some other substance

chemical reaction

chemical transformation or change ; the interaction of chemical entities

compound

a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio

covalent bond

a type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons

dehydration synthesis

a chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule

disaccharide

a double sugar molecule made of two monosaccharides bonded together through dehydration synthesis

element zz

the smallest particle of a substance that retains all the properties of the substance and is composed of one or more atoms

glucose

a monomer of carbohydrate, simple sugar

hydrolysis

a chemical process that splits a molecule by adding water

ionic bond

a chemical bond resulting form the attraction between oppositely charged ions

lipid

one of a family of compounds including fats, phospholipids, and steroids that is insoluble in water

macromolecule

a type of giant molecule formed by joining smaller molecules which includes proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids

molecule

two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

monomer

the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer

monosaccharide

a single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar

nutrient

a substance that is needed by the body to maintain life and health

polymer

a large molecule consisting of my repeating chemical units

polysaccharide

a polymer of thousands of simple sugars formed by dehydration synthesis

protein

a three dimensional polymer made of monomers and amino acids

hyperglycemia

an excess of sugar in the blood

hypertonic

in comparing two solutions, referring to the one with a greater solute concentration

hypoglycemia

abnormal decrease of sugar in the blood

hypotonic

in comparing two solutions, referring to the one with a lower solute concentration

isotonic

having the same solute concentration as another solution

osmosis

the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concnetration

solute

a substance that is dissolved in a solution

solution

a liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

solvent

the dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile _______ known

Hormone that causes blood sugar to be raised

glucagon

Gland that secretes hormones that regulate blood glucose

pancreas

A steady or balanced state of the body

homeostasis

Indicator that tests for the presence of glucose

Benedict's solution

Indicator that tests for the presence of proteins

Biruriet Solution

In a negative feedback loop, the body works to

slow down or stop the current action

In Type I Diabetes....

no insulin production

In Type II Diabetes....

insulin is not efficent

In both types of Diabetes......

blood glucose levels remain high after eating

The normal range for resting blood sugar is...

70-130 mg/dL

Homeostasis in the human body is often maintained by a....

negative feedback loop

what contains the genetic code for protein synthesis?

nucleic acid

What are the single sugars that are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

monosaccharides

What is the monomer of proteins?

amino acids

A cell in a hypotonic solution will...

swell

Hormone that causes blood sugar to be lowered

insulin

anemia

a condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume

blood plasma

the pale yellow fluid portion of whole blood that consists of water and its dissolved constituents including, sugars, lipids, metabolic waste products, amino acids, hormones, and vitamins

erythocytes (red blood cells)

any of the hemoglobin-containing cells that carry oxygen to the tissues and are responsible of the red color of vertebrate blood

hematocrit

the percent of the volume of whole blood that is composed of red blood cells as determined by the separation of red blood cells from the plasma usually by centrifugation

leukocytes (white blood cells)

any of the blood cells that are colorless, lack of hemoglobin, contain a nucleus, and include the lymphcytes, monocytes, neutrophilis, eosinsphils, and basophils

sickle cell disease

individuals who are homozygous fro the gene controlling hemoglobin S. The disease is characterized by the destruction of red blood cells and by episodic blocking of blood vessels by the adherence of sickle cells to the vascular endothelium

thrombocytes (platelets)

a minute colorless anculeate disklike body of mammalian blood that assists in blood clotting by adhering to other ______ and to damaged epithelium

anticodon

a triplet of nucleotide bases in transfer RNA that identifies the amino acid carried and binds to a complementary codon in messenger RNA during protein synthesis at a ribosome

codon

a three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code

hydrophilic

having an affinity for water