Exam 2
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Membranes, skins, & muscle.
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Membrane
Tissue that cover or line other tissues and organs.
Four type of membranes
Serous membrane
Mucous Membranes
Cutaneous membrane
Synovial Membrane
Where is Serous Membrane located?
It lines body cavities that do not have openings to the outer surface.
What cavities does Serous Membrane cover?
It lines the thorax, abdomen and organs in theses cavities.
What tissue is Serous membranes made up of?
It is made of simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) on top of the connective tissue, usually areolar tissue.
What is the function of Serous Membranes?
Secretes a watery fluid (serous fluid) for lubrication. It is important so that the layers of membranes can slide over each other without friction.
What are the three type of Serous membranes?
Pleura
Pericardium
Peritoneum
What is Pleura?
Lines the thoracic wall and lungs.
What is Pericardium?
Encloses the heart.
What is Peritoneum?
Lines the abdominopelvic cavity and organs.
Where is Mucous membranes (mucosal) located?
Lines cavities and tubes that open to the outside.
What is within Mucous Membranes?
It have specialized cells (e.g. goblet cells) that secrete mucus for lubrication and protection.
What is the function of Mucous Membranes?
It is secrete mucus for lubrication and protection. It can also function in absorption. It is a “wet” membranes.
What cavities are mucous membranes include?
They are in the linings of the nose, mouth, digestive tract, respiratory tract, urinary and reproductive systems.
What tissue does Mucous membrane consist of?
It consist of various types of epithelium, usually stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium, over connective tissue (called the lamina propria).
Where are Synovial Membrane located?
It forms the inner lining of synovial joint.
What is Synovial Membrane made of?
It is made of fibrous connective tissue over loose connective tissue and adipose tissue.
What is the function of Synovial Membrane?
It secretes synovial fluid for lubrication and cushioning.
What is Cutaneous Membrane?
Skin, a dry membrane.
What is the primary function of Skin (cutaneous membrane)?
Protection
What are the functions of Skin other than protection?
Prevents dehydration
Regulates body temperature
Contains sensory receptors
Synthesizes and excretes substances
What are the two layers that the skin is composed of?
Epidermis and Dermis.
What is Epidermis?
The outer layer of skin. It had no blood supply.
What is Epidermis made of?
Made of stratified squamous epithelium.
What is Dermis?
Deep layer of skin. It has a blood supply.
What is Dermis made of?
It is made of many different tissues including Fibrous Connective tissue, epithelial, smooth muscle, and nerve tissue.
What is basement membrane?
It is under the epidermis. It is “sticky” and attaches the epidermis to the dermis.
What is the subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)?
It is under the dermis. It is not part of the skin.
What is hypodermis made of?
It is made of loose connective tissue (areolar and adipose tissue).
What is the function of hypodermis?
It connects the skin to the underlying organs (muscles, etc.)
**What is the epidermis?
It is made of epithelium, so this layer of the skin does not have a blood supply.
Where does the blood supply for the epidermis come from?
The dermis supplies the epidermis.
What is Keratinocytes?
They produce the protein keratin.
What is the most common cell type are keratinocytes?
Most are epidermial cells.
What is the function of the stratum basale?
It is the deepest layer of the epidermis so it reproduces more cells. The new cells push the older cells away from the dermis.
What is keratinization?
It is the process of the older cells dying and hardening by the protein, keratin.
What is keratin?
It is a protein that hardens cells.
What happens to the tough dead cells?
They accumulate in the stratum corneum layer of the epidermis and they sloughed off (fluffed off).
Where is the thickest area of skin on the body is?
The palm of the hands or sores of the feet.
Why do the palms and the soles have thicker skin than other areas of the body?
These areas have the most friction in the body.
What is a callus?
Thickening of the epidermis due to persistent friction.
What is bedsores (pressure ulcer)?
Pressure (or body weight) reduce blood flow to areas of the body. As a result, the epidermal cells die and the tissues break down.
How can bedsore be prevented?
By changing the position of the body frequently.
What is melanocytes?
It is a specialized cells in the deepest part of the epidermis (stratum basale) that produce the dark pigment (melanin).
What is Melanin?
The dark pigment in stratum basale.
What is the function of Melanin?
Absorbs light energy, protects the cells of the body from UV sunlight.
How does melanin work as a shield?
It is transferred from melanocytes to keratinocytes, where it accumulates to form a shield from the UV radiation in sunlight.
What are Merkel cells & Meissner’s Corpuscles?
Sensory receptors for touch.
What are Langerhan’s Cells?
Macrophages
What are the layers of the epidermis starting from superficial to deep in thin skin?
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinous
Stratum Basale
What are the layers of the epidermis in thick skin from superficial to deep?
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale
What is Stratum Corneum?
The most Superficial layer of the epidermis. It is dead “horny” layer.
How many layers of cells is the Stratum Corneum?
It has 20-30 cell layers thick.
What happens to the Stratum Corneum layer?
It slough offs as new cells are produced.
What is Stratum Lacidum?
It is a clear layer of the epidermis that is only present in thick skin.
How many layers of cells is there Stratum Lacidum?
It is a few layers of dead keratinocytes.
What is Stratum Grandulosum?
It is a “granular” layer.
What is happening in the Stratum Grandulosum layer?
The keratinocytes are toughening up.
How many cell layers are in the Stratum Grandulosum?
It is 3-5 cell layers thick.
What is Stratum Spinosum?
It is the “prickly” or spiny layer.
How many cell layers is the Stratum Spinosum?
It is several cell layers thick.
What is happening in the Stratum Spinosum layer?
Keratinocyte seems spiny in slides.
What is Stratum Basale (or germinativum)?
It is the deepest layer of the epidermis.
What is happening in the Stratum Basale layer?
It is the youngest keratinocytes that are rapidly dividing.
What does the Stratum Basale contain?
It contains melanocytes.
How many cell layers is the Stratum Basale layer?
It is a single row of cells.
What is thick skin?
It covers the palms, fingerstips and soles of the feet. It has all five layers within the epidermis.
What is thin skin?
It covers the rest of the body. The stratum lucidum is missing, all of the other layers are thinner.
What are Epidermal Ridges?
It makes fingerprints. They are on the outside of the skin (on fingertips).
What is Dermis?
It is the strong flexible connective tissue, the “hide” or “Hunter’s”
What does the Dermis has similar to the epidermal ridges?
It has Dermal papillae.
What are Dermal Papillae?
They are finger-like projections that project upward into the epidermis.
What does the Dermis contain?
It contains the blood supply for the epidermis. It also contains motor and sensory fibers (Pacinian Corpuscles, Meissner’s Corpuscles) and hair follicles and glands.
What are Stretch Marks?
It is extreme stretching of the skin tears the dermis, occurs during pregnancy.
What happens to cause Blisters?
The Epidermal and Dermal Layers separate and form a fluid-filled pocket, caused by burn or friction.
What is Subcutaneous Layer made of?
It is made of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue.
What is the function of the adipose tissue within the Subcutaneous Layer (Hypodermis)?
It acts like a heat insulator.
What does the subcutaneous layer contain?
It contains large blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the skin.
What is Transdermal Patches?
Chemical absorbed through the skin.
What is Interdermal Injections?
Injected within the skin (the dermis)
What is Subcutaneous Injection?
Given in the subcutaneous layer, under the skin.
What are intramuscular injections (hypodermic injections)?
Injected within the muscle.
What causes the skin color?
It is due to three pigments (Melanin, Carotene, and Hemoglobin).
What is Melanin?
It is dark brown Pigment
What produces Melanin?
It is produced by melanocytes.
**Which layer of the epidermis produces melanin?
Stratum Basale
What are Freckles and pigmented moles?
It is local accumulations of melanin.
What is Carotene?
It is Yellow-orange pigment.
Where is carotene found?
It is found in certain plant products (e.g. carrots).
Which layer does Carotene accumulate in?
It accumulates in the Stratum Corneum and the fatty tissue of the hypodermis.
Where can Carotene be seen?
It can be seen in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
What is Hemoglobin?
It is the pinkish hue from red blood cells in the capillaries.
What problems can excessive sun exposure cause?
It can cause leathery skin, immune system depression, and skin cancer.
What is leathery skin?
It happens when elastin fibers clumps.
What is skin cancer?
UV radiation alters the DNA of the skin cells.
What is Cyanosis?
When hemoglobin in the blood is not well oxygenated.
How may a caucasian appear with Cyanosis?
The blood and skin appears blue.
How may a dark skinned individual be seen with Cyanosis?
It can be seen in the Mucous Membrane (inside the eye lids) and the nail beds.
What is Erythema?
It is reddened skin. It means that there is increase of blood cells.
What may Erythema indicate?
It may indicate embarrassment, fever, hypertension, polycythemia, inflammation, or allergy.
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