History test - The Rennisance and the Reformation

Henry VIII

King of England known for his six marriages and for initiating the English Reformation.

Edward VI

Son of Henry VIII, he became king at a young age and continued Protestant reforms.

Mary Tudor

Daughter of Henry VIII, known for her attempt to reverse the English Reformation and restore Catholicism.

Elizabeth I

Daughter of Henry VIII, her reign marked the Elizabethan era and the consolidation of Protestantism.

Humanism

An intellectual movement during the Renaissance that emphasized the study of classical texts and human potential.

Reformation

A religious movement in the 16th century that led to the establishment of Protestant churches.

Indulgence

A grant by the Catholic Church that reduced the punishment for sins, often sold to raise funds.

Annul

To declare a marriage invalid, often used by Henry VIII to end his first marriage.

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, a Catholic religious order founded to spread the Catholic faith and counter the Reformation.

Martin Luther

A German monk whose 95 Theses sparked the Protestant Reformation.

Lutheran

Relating to the branch of Protestantism founded on the teachings of Martin Luther.

Protestant

A branch of Christianity that originated with the Reformation, rejecting the authority of the Pope.

Anglican

Relating to the Church of England, which was established by Henry VIII.

Jan Hus

A Czech reformer whose teachings influenced the Protestant Reformation.

John Wycliffe

An early advocate for translating the Bible into vernacular languages and reforming the Church.

Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits

Founder of the Jesuits, he played a significant role in the Counter-Reformation.

Council of Trent

A major Catholic council that addressed issues of reform and clarified Catholic doctrine.

95 Theses

A list of propositions for debate by Martin Luther, criticizing the sale of indulgences.

Counter-Reformation

The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation, aimed at reforming the Church and reaffirming Catholic doctrine.

The Inquisition

A group of institutions within the Catholic Church aimed at combating heresy.

Act of Supremacy

A 1534 law declaring the monarch as the Supreme Head of the Church of England.

Linear Perspective

A mathematical system used in art to create the illusion of depth on a flat surface.

Vernacular

The use of the native language in literature and education, as opposed to Latin.

Oil Paint

A medium that became popular during the Renaissance, allowing for greater detail and color depth.

Printing Press

A revolutionary invention that allowed for the mass production of books and spread of ideas.

Raphael

An Italian painter and architect known for his works in the High Renaissance.

Leonardo Da Vinci

A polymath of the Renaissance known for his contributions to art, science, and engineering.

Michaelangelo

An Italian sculptor, painter, and architect known for works like the Sistine Chapel ceiling.

Secularism

The principle of separating religion from political, social, and educational institutions.

Petrarch

An Italian poet and scholar, often called the father of Humanism.

Shakespeare

An English playwright and poet whose works are considered some of the greatest in the English language.

Brunelleschi

An architect known for developing linear perspective and designing the dome of Florence Cathedral.

Gutenberg

Inventor of the movable-type printing press, which revolutionized the spread of knowledge.

Characteristics of the Renaissance

A period marked by a revival of classical learning, art, and humanism.

Heresy

Beliefs or opinions that deviate from established religious doctrine.

Religious Wars

Conflicts primarily driven by religious differences, notably during the Reformation.

Patrons

Wealthy individuals or organizations that support artists and intellectuals.

Trade

The exchange of goods and services, which flourished during the Renaissance.

Women and Protestantism

The role and status of women in the context of Protestant reforms.

Rise of Middle Class

The growth of a social class that emerged due to economic changes during the Renaissance.