Unit 6 - Revolutions and Consequences of Industrialization

1750 to 1900

6.1 Ideas that Justified Imperalism: Causes for New Imperalism/Ideologies that rose from Imperalism

Context: W Europe states set building maritime empires into Indian Ocean and Americas

Sense Commonality amoung people based on shared language, religion, and was linked with self rule territory (change) spread Enlightment and Industrialization had people loyalities linked to their own people

Scientific Racism is the idea humans can be hierachally ranked distinctly on biological classes based on race. Continued the racist argumentation

Colonization was not new, however phrenology justified rule over child races

Social Darwinism is if only the fittest survive, W Industrial societies were best suited for global climate

Civilizing Mission was the duty for child races meaning missionaries could colonize governments with W education and supress indigenious culture and traditions

6.2 How Imperial States Expanded: Historical Developments

Shift focus goegraphically and Comparison and Contrast

1450 to 1750 main focus was Americas with main powers being Spain and Portugal, SE Asia but by 1750 to 1900 this focused to Africa and Asia with imperial states being Great Britian, France, Japan, US

6.2 How Imperial States Expanded: Diplomacy and Warefare

Diplomacy was the act of political negotiation of dialogue such as the Berlin Conference 1884 to 1865 to compromise African territory to fuel imperalism, Otto van Bismark carved Africa into European holdings.

Warfare with France and Algeria, France in debt to Algeria from wheat production, sent diplomat to ask for extended time with Algerian king swatting diplomat with no. France sent troops to invade Algerians and expand power into Africa

6.2 How Imperial States Expanded: Nonstate to State Colonial Control

State take over private colonies with Belgium Congo by leopold II who exploited labor, Beligum government took over officially 1908 with state control

Shift from British E India Company to full Brit government control of India was during the Sepoy Rebellion, BEIC was rebelled by Hindus and Muslim which Brit gov. sent troops to end rebellion. Aftermath british took full control of India and lead through Raj

Shift of Dutch E India Company to Dutch government in Indonesia and SE Asia with VOC going bankrupt, Netherlands fell into French control until taken back as a colony after Napolean

6.2 How Imperial States Expanded: Territory Gained and Lost

Britian gained Africa, Egypt, Suez Canal, Austrailia, India

Germany New Guiena

United States guano islands, Alaska, Hawai’i, Virgin Islands

Japan gained Korea, Manchura

Russia gained Poleland, Armenia, Kazakhastan

France gained Vietnam, Lous, Indonesia, Cambodia

Spain and Portugal declined as they lost control of pacific and asian colonies from imperial forces

6.2 How Imperial States Expanded: Settler Colonies

Austrialia: Euro migrants est. colonies for commercial oppertunities and discorvery of gold increased migration

New Zealand: Brit settlers set migrants from neo-Euro colonies, introduced diseases that killed native people of Aboriginies and Maori

6.2 How Imperial States Expanded: Methods Expanding State Power

Settler Colonies including colonial imperial power claims inhabited territory and sents out people to outpost from their societies

Conquring Neighboring Territory

United States gained Louisiana Purchase and Mexico from Spain 19th cent, led to expansion Westaward known as Manifest Destiney which displaced natived who were sent to US boarding schools

Russia, 2nd half of 19th cent loss Crimean War sent to miitary political doctrine known as Pan-Slavism which Russian elite unite slavic people under Russian authority like Ottoman, Austria, and creating trading posts in 1860 Vladivastock

Japan had rapid industrialization under Meiji Restoration including railroads, and built empire to spread influence over Korea, Manchura, and part of China

6.3 Indigenious People Resisted to Imperialism: Cause of Resistence

2nd Wave of Imperialsm, this increased question about political authroity, imperial powersintroduced W education to colonized child races. Enlightment thought questioned legitamacy and imperial domination

Nationalismby colonized people emphasized white imperial powers imposing culture onto them

6.3 Indigenious People Resisted to Imperialism: How did they Resist?

Direct Resistence

Yaa Asawantewaa War between Great Britian expanded Gold Coast colony, with 4 attemps to colonize Asawante Kingdom. Asawante possesed the Gold Stool with Queen Yaa Asawante led rebellion with armed violence but superiroity of British weapons = failure

6.3 Indigenious People Resisted to Imperialism: Creation New States

Creation New States

Cherokee Nations assimilated in America as a response to W expansion, Indian Removal Act 1835 removed natives and territory to Oklahoma territory

Zulu Kingdom resisted british colonization and imperial rule, however failure to modernize fell to Britian rulers

6.3 Indigenious People Resisted to Imperialism: Religious Rebellions

Religious Rebellions

Xhosa Cattle Killings movement S Africa with British claiming Xhosa people, cattle began dying diseases with Xhosa prophet claiming slaughter all cows would drive out British. Resulted in starvation and Brit take over

Ghost Dance in US was Native American movement where perfomance of dance would bring ancestors back to life and fight Euro power, but suppressed by colonial governments

6.4 Global Economic Change from 1750 to 1900: Economic Development

Motivation for industrial imperial powers was to take over colonies to gain rw materials for factories which led to gaining and maintains power

Export Economies focused on exporting raw materials or goods for distant markets, previously people in Africa and SE asia subsitute farms grew foods for family to survive however imperial powers reorganized colonies around exporting cash crops and natural recourses for own interests

6.4 Global Economic Change from 1750 to 1900: Causes of Economic Development

1. Need for raw mateirals to industrialize factories and gain power, Ex. Egypt and India exported cotton to Britian, end of 19th cent. Egyptian Economy dedicated/depend on Britian for money / Palm oil in W Africa by enslaved labor led to plantations

2. Need supply food to growing urban centers, import food from cash foods like sugar, coffee and meat (Peru, Argentina)

6.4 Global Economic Change from 1750 to 1900: Effects of Economic Development

1. Profiles the manufactered goods, British colonies had closed markets 19th cent with growing colonies network of trade needed other markets (Guano in Peru for fertilizer)

2. Growning economic dependance of colonial people on their imperial powers led reoginization of colonial economies on the minterest of their colonizing overloards for their benefit.

6.5 Economic Imperialism Explained: Economic Imperialism

Economic Imperialism is the act of one state extending control over authority by economic meand

Opium Wars, Chinese restriction british, trade imbalanced led to Britian illegally exporting Opium into Qing Dynasty and officals ending it. British forced sign Treaty of Nanjing foreconomic influence. Middle 19th cent. Qing Dynasty weakened from Taiping Rebellion, religion movement with ethnic Han ridding forieng Manchu rulers, led to 2nd Opium Wars with France joining opening more treating. Russia, Japan, W Euro regions dominate china Spheres of Influence

6.5 Economic Imperialism Explained: Economic Imperialism - AGAIN!

Ports of Buenos Aires, Argentina 19th cent. Britian banks invest improve infrastructure and extend raw materials. Funded by Britian and located near factories incase exports to Britian led to dependance on British Investment

6.5 Economic Imperialism Explained: Trade in Commodities

Organized colonies into a goods bought and sold onto market, cotton, palm oil trade shaped world economy of imperial powers with Euro and US economic advantage over colonial populations

6.6 Causes of Migration from 1750 to 1900: Causes

1. More Industrialization led to a demographic change in population booms in rural areas, pushing people to find jobs in urban areas (Chinese, Railroads)

2. Famine like the Irish Potato famine in 1840’s widespread famine and starvation leading to emigration to United States

3. New transportation technologies allowed for railroads and steamships facilitate migration within a country internationally

4. Coerced and semi-coerced labor in Britian and French colonies with indenturered servitude facilitate Indian migration to Caribbean, Chinese tin mines, Lebanese to Argentina and Brazil bc job oppertunities and convict labor Austrialia

6.6 Causes of Migration from 1750 to 1900: Impact Internal and External Migration

Westward expansion within US caused the removal and displacement of Natives causing mass killings and low native pop resulting in American cities

European migrants often fought over claim with African States such as Afrikaners who established slavery within Africa to support established colonies

6.7 The Effects of Migration: Effects

1. Gender Imbalance with more women in home societies take traditional male roles, S Africa gaining financial independance

2. Ethnic Enclaves with culture in societies which spoke native language and foods like Irish enclaves in US w/ growth Catholocism and Chinese SE Asia plans colonial societies

3. Nativism protected interests natives over migrants even thou migrants fill jobs no one in societies wanted and contribuited to economy, often met with resistence and racial prejudice Ex. White Australia Policy, Chineze Exclusion Act, Irish lower classes

6.8 Causation in Imperial Age: Review

Development industrial capitalism led increased standards of livings for soe and continued improved infrastucture that increased availability and affordability consumer goods

As states industrialized they expanded overseas and est. new colonies

18th century marked beginning intense period revolution and rebellion in existing governments leading establish new states

Result emergence of transoceanic empires and global capitalist economies, migration patterns changed dramatically and so did numbers of migrans