Dendrology FINAL Study Guide (Not including Test 1 and 2) Diagram | Quizlet

Native plans

natural elements of regional landscape

plants that have been here since before European settlements

Non-native plants

have been introduced through human activity

free living non-natives

not a parasite to other species

naturalized non-natives

becomes part of the ecosystem

invasive non-natives

dominate and take away resources from natives

Why were non-native plants introduced?

agriculture

livestock grazing

ornamentals

soil erosion control

fencerow or hedgerow establishment

wildlife habitat enhancement

Invasive plants

plants that are causing ecological, biological, and economic harm

can native plants be invasive?

yes

Why are some species invasive and some aren't?

its complicated and varies species by species and situation to situation

Characteristics of invasive plants:

competitive

very strong reproductive pressure

tolerant and adaptive

rapid response to disturbance

no natural enemy

hybrid vigor (quick to hybridize)

Activities that promote the establishment of invasive species:

harvesting timber

mechanical site prep

tree planting

tree release treatments

prescribed fire

internal stand road consturction

food plots

the former activities cause:

removal of native vegetation

soil disturbance

release of nutrients

increase of light to the understory

Invasive characteristics + propagule ability + disturbance ----> ____________

invasive plant species

Invasive plant impacts:

reduces native biodiversity

reduces ecosystem structure and functioning

reduces productivity

reduces our management options

reduces recreational value

reduces aesthetics

reduces economic cost

Control options:

herbicides

mechanical

grazing

burning

biological (species vs species)

"normal" management changes based on ....

the non-native invasive species!

Over ___ non-native invasive in the southeast

500

Plant succession

the orderly and predictable change in plant communities over time

we primarily deal with primary or secondary succession?

secondary

seral stage and successional stage mean the same thing

true

how many serial stages did we cover?

7

plant succession includes...

species composition and structure of the plant community

what two types of disturbances can 'setback' plant succession?

man-made and natural

modern human civilization (and practices) has forever altered the natural landscape, even the publics perception of what is "natural"

true! (we're cooked)

Biotic factors that impact disturbance in plant succession

insects, disease, beavers

Abiotic factors that impact disturbance in plant succession

lightning, earthquakes, wind

Which native insect has periodic outbreaks, killing pine trees, and was discussed as an example during class

southern pine beetles

which disease was used as an example, forever altering forests from Maine to Georgia

chestnut blight

Do American chestnuts reliably produce chestnuts every year?

yes

Did native Americans live in harmony with the land and play a major role in plant succession and wildlife populations?

yes

What did native Americans use regularly which shaped plant communities across much of the North American landscape?

fire

What two large herbivores would have helped setback plant succession and impact plant communities?

Bison and Moose

Which wildlife species is an ecosystem engineer and impacted floodplains throughout north america

beavers

impounded wetland

Wetland that has been artificially damned using a berm, road, or other structure. it mimics beavers work

The Tennessee river flood of 1867 was used as an example for flooding, which city was impacted?

Chattanooga

the new Madrid earthquake created which natural lake in Tennessee

Reelfoot lake

which tree species thrives in the shallow portions of Reelfoot Lake?

Bald Cypress

Which hurricane was used as an example and wreaked havoc in developed areas, but simply, setback some succession in some undeveloped portions of the region?

hurricane helene

What weather event has always been a common occurrence in East Tennessee?

straight-line wind

Which was mentioned as being devastating to pine trees?

ice

Forest management practices often mimic natural disturbances based on past research

true

Which serial stages are the hardest to maintain?

1-3

Seral stage one is dominated by...

annuals

serial stage one is dominated by ______ plants

herbaceous

Three benefits of serial stage one

1. abundance of flowers, thus insects

2. annual plant have high protein content

3. lots of sunlight

senescence

the gradual deterioration of plants as they die or go dormant

How many years is serial stage one typically productive?

2 years

which management practice is used to setback succession periodically to maintain seal stage one?

disking, it stimulates Swedbank

Seral stage 2

Perennials and herbaceous plants

It is common to see some woody encroachment in seal stage 2

true

serial stage 2 provides food and cover resources for a wide variety of wildlife species, including pollinators

true

Seral stage 3

perennials and woody plants

Seral stage 3 provides what type of cover

dense

three types of plants that dominate feral stage 3

blueberries, honeysuckle, black willow, button bush

2 most common woody plants that dominate herbaceous wetlands in the eastern U.S.

buttonbush and black willow

Which tree species is an indicator of limestone and alkaline sites

Shellbark Hickory

Which plant community does Shellback Hickory often invade and alter without disturbance?

glade

What species of oak is typically associates with eastern redcedar?

northern red oak

Which species of yellow pine is best known for its "pioneer species" qualities and invasion of disturbed or fallow land?

virginia pine

Which species of yellow pine didn't dominate the site near Asheville, NC?

Shortleaf pine

Which yellow pine would naturally occur at a higher elevation?

pitch pine

Which of these are more commonly seen along old fencerows that have not been maintained?

light-seeded tree species

Plant succession is often more rapid in a ___land

wet(land)

Soil does not play an important role in plant succession

false

Two species of maples that invade wetlands

red and sugar

Two pioneer species in wetlands that produce winged seeds

green ash and box elder

green or white ash is most likely to invade a wetland

green ash

What type of animal is primarily responsible for the rapid colonization of trees along fencerows?

birds

Two species of soft mast producers--discussed in class--that are commonly found in fallow fields and fencerows

persimmon and black cherry

Non-native invasive plants do not influence natural plant succession

false

Seral stage four would fall under which os the four forest development stages

stand initiation

Approximately how many stems per acre are common in a young forest

8000-10000

Four resources trees compete for

sunlight, space, water, and nutrients

This forest development stage would have closed canopy conditions and stiff competition for resources among trees (i.e. only a few survive out of the grand total)

Stem exclusion

This forest development stage would have seed production and ample sunlight to sustain tree seedlings

understory reinitiation

Based on plant succession during the forest development stages, which timeframe tends to be the least biodiverse?

25-50 years old

A clearcut harvest without any cost treatment sets back plant succession to what?

early succession

How old is old growth?

150 years

During which forest development stage is there a transition from shade intolerant species to shade intermediate and shade tolerant species?

Stand initiation

Wildlife species populations in need of young forests are increasing, decreasing or stable?

increasing

Rules of foraging:

1. always be 100% sure of your plant ID

2. if you've never eaten a particular wild food before, try a small portion first

3. Do not collect things by heavily trafficked streets

4. Don't eat pesticide sprayed things

Edible vines

smilax spp.

kudzu

wild grapes

honeysuckle

Do not eat....

virginia creeper berries or poison ivy

lycopene

a pigment responsible for the red color of tomatoes and other red-hued vegetables; a phytochemical that may act as an antioxidant in the body.

Other edible species

rubus spp.

spicebush

autumn olive

winged and smooth sumac

pawpaw

sassafras

red and white mulberry

hawthorns

eastern hemlock

pines

maples

honey locust

black locust

walnuts

common persimmon

hackberry

american beech

oaks

Sweetgum