APHUG-2.10-2.12

Migration

the permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another

Voluntary Migration

a movement made by choice

Push Factors

negative circumstances, events, and conditions present where they live that compels a person to leave

Pull Factors

Positive circumstances, events, and conditions that bring people towards an area.

Economic Factors

push: unemployment, lack of jobs and economic opportunities.

pull: areas with good economic stability and opportunities.

Social Factors

Push: discrimination or persecution due to ethnicity, rage, gender or religion.

Pull: safety for everyone, closer to family and friends, religious freedom.

Political Factors

Push: Slavery, political tension, discrimination, unfavorable laws or policies, persecution, arrest (all by government), no freedom/liberty.

Pull: little political violence, more freedom and liberty, better government.

Environmental Factors

Push: natural disasters, bad weather, drought, unfavorable environmental conditions, pollution.

Pull: safety from disastrous weather, good weather, no environmental stresses.

Demographic Factors

Push: demographic unbalances, skewed gender ratio and age ratio, high dependency ratio, overpopulation.

Pull: balanced demographics, no overpopulation, higher stage in DTM

Migration Transition Model

model depicting connections in migration trends and the DTM and development of a country.

Intervening Obstacles

barriers that make reaching their desired destination more difficult.

Intervening Opportunities

Opportunities that arise during the migration process that disrupt the original migration plan.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

Observed Patterns and laws regarding migration tendencies and demographics.

1. Most migration is over a short distance. 2. Migration occurs in steps. 3. Long-range migrants usually move to urban areas. 4. Each migration produces a movement in the opposite direction (although not necessarily of the same volume). 5. Rural dwellers are more migratory than urban dwellers. 6. Within their own country females are more migratory than males, but males are more migratory over long distances. 7. Most migrants are adults. 8. Large towns grow more by migration than by natural increase. 9. Migration increases with economic development. 2. Migration is mostly due to economic causes.

Distance Decay

the farther away two places are, the less connections and interactions will be present.

Gravity Model of Migration

Model that assumes the size and distance between two cities or countries influences the number of interactions including factors like migration, travel, and economic activity.

Step Migration

a process in which migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves

Rural-to-Urban Migration

Movement of people from rural areas to urban areas.

Counter Migration

each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction (even if it isn't equal)

Return Migration

the movement of immigrants back to their former home

Forced Migration

When migrants have no choice but to move.

Internally displaced Persons

Migrants who move to another part of the same country.

Refugee

A person who has been forced to cross international borders in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster.

Asylum

the protection granted by a country to an immigrant who has a fear of harm or death if they return.

Voluntary migration

Movement made by choice.

Internal Migration

movment that occurs within a country.

Transnational Migration

When people move from one country to another. Internationally rather than internally.

Chain migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

Guest Worker

Transnational migrants who relocate to a country temporarily to provide labor or recieve education.

Transhumance

The seasonal movement of herders with their animals to different pastures.

Guest-Worker Policies

Policies that regulate the number of workers who can temporarily enter a country to work in specific industries for a defined amount of time

Family Reunification

policies that allow migrants to sponsor family members who migrate to the country

Xenophobia

a strong dislike of people of another culture.

remittance

Money sent to family and friends in the countries individuals left.

Brain Drain

the emigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a particular country.

Ethnic Enclaves

neighborhoods/areas filled primarily with people of the same ethnic groups.

The Great Migration

Movement of americans from the south to cities in the rest of the country. (For economic opportunities and to escape discrimination and violence.)

Sun Belt Migration

The movement of americans from the northeast and midwest to the south after WW2 (due to developments in tech and infrastructure, and tax subsidies)