RAD Test 3 Word Bank

using data from a small sample to make generalizations about a larger population

Inferential Statistics

unlikely that the results occurred due to chance

Statistical Significance

using statistics to confirm if observed group differences from a sample reflect true differences/relationships in the population

Null Hypothesis Significance Testing

the IV has no affect on the DV

Null Hypothesis (H0)

The IV has an effect on the DV

Alternative Hypothesis (H1)

agreeing with the null hypothesis

Fail to reject the null hypothesis

disagree with the null hypothesis

reject the null hypothesis

probability that the null hypothesis is true based on patterns in your sample

Probability statistics/ p value

magnitude of effect

effect size

the strength of association between 2 variables

pearsons r

The effect size of the difference between groups

Cohens d

the p value threshold that needs to be crossed to reach “statistical significance

alpha level

false positive, you reject the null hypothesis but it’s actually true

Type I Error

false negative, you accept the null hypothesis when its actually false

Type ll error

ability to detect a statistically significant effect

Power

experimentor changes what the participants experience

manipulation

all conditions are held constant except the IV

control

A single group is tested before and after some treatment

One Group Pretest-Posttest

predictions from carefully controlled experiments

Causal Inferences

The DV value differs at different levels of the IV

Covariation

the IV occurs before the DV

Time-order relationship

balanced groups and holding all conditions constant except for the IV

Elimination of alternative explanations

the truthfullness within the study

Internal Validity