* extract human DNA
* isolate human gene for insulin using a restriction enzyme (EcoRI)
* enzyme cuts DNA at a specific sequence
* creates sticky ends: single strands of DNA that are produced from the restriction enzyme
* extract ring of DNA, plasmid, from bacterial cell
* cut plasmid using restriction enzyme (EcoRI), creating complimentary sticky ends
* human gene and plasmid are combined with DNA Ligase
* insert recombinant DNA into bacterial cell