Genetic Engineering Cards

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20 Terms

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Selective Breeding
breeding organisms with desirable traits
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Hybridization
crossing different individuals to bring out the best of both organisms
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Inbreeding
crossing individuals with similar characteristics
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Inbreeding Pros
breeds are maintained and unique characteristics are kept
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Inbreeding Cons
increased susceptibility to disease and deformities
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how to increase mutations
exposing organisms to radiation or chemicals, but many will die
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manipulating DNA steps
extract DNA from cells, cut it into small pieces, identify sequences of bases, make copies
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creating recombinant DNA steps
* extract human DNA
* isolate human gene for insulin using a restriction enzyme (EcoRI)
* enzyme cuts DNA at a specific sequence
* creates sticky ends: single strands of DNA that are produced from the restriction enzyme
* extract ring of DNA, plasmid, from bacterial cell
* cut plasmid using restriction enzyme (EcoRI), creating complimentary sticky ends
* human gene and plasmid are combined with DNA Ligase
* insert recombinant DNA into bacterial cell
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gene cloning through recombinant plasmid steps:
* treats plasmid and gene coding for a protein (gene P) with an enzyme that cuts DNA
* enzyme cleaves plasmid
* plasmid and trarget gene DNA are mixed
* DNA ligase joins them together with covelent bonds
* recombinant plasmid containing targeted gene is mixed with bacteria
* bacterium takes up plasmid DNA through transformation
* recombinant bacterium reproduces to form a clone of cells containing desirable gene
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Genomic library storage:
a collection of cloned DNA fragments that include an organism’s entire genome
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Reverse Transcriptase Steps
* chosen cells transcribe genes
* process transcripts: remove introns
* isolate mRNA in a test tube
* single stranded DNA transcripts are made from mRNA using reverse transcriptase ( viral enzyme that synthesizes DNA from RNA template
* another enzyme is added to break down mRNA

DNA polymerase synthesize a second DNA strand
* results: complementary DNA (cDNA)
* only subset of genes that’s transcribed into mRNA in starting cells.
* cDNA library is useful for studying genes responsible for specialized functions of a particular cell type
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Recombinant DNA
when scientists combine pieces of DNA from two different sources to make one molecule; used for genetic engineering
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Bacterial Plasmids
DNA molecules that replicate separately from a larger chromosome, only carry a few genes, easily manipulated to carry any gene, is a vector
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Vector
a particle that can carry foreign genes
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Polymerase Chain Reaction
* rapidly make lots of copies of specific DNA sample
* take small sample of DNA and amplify it to a large enough amount to study in detail
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Gel Electrophoresis
* dna fingerprinting


* identify individuals by DNA characteristics
* uses gel and electricity
* used to separate and analyze macromolecules (dna rna proteins) based on size and electrical charge
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transgenic organisms
contain genes from other organisms (GMO’s)
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Microorganism
bacteria
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transgenic animals
used to study genes and improve supply
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dna cloning steps

1. harvest somatic cells and extract the nucleus for cloning
2. extract donor egg and remove nucleus
3. inject cloning nucleus into donor egg for a new egg cell
4. new cell divides in mitosis and forms embryo
5. implant new formed embryo into surrogate mother