Chapter 9 Microbiology

Biotechnology

the use of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to make a product: Foods, antibiotics, vitamins, enzymes

Genetic modification

the alteration of an organism’s DNA to change or add traits, often used in agriculture, medicine, and research. Techniques include CRISPR and gene splicing.

Recombinant DNA technology

The insertion or modification of genes to produce desired proteins

Identify the roles of a clone in making recombinant DNA

population of genetically identical cells arising from one cell; each carries the vector

Identify the roles of a vector in making recombinant DNA

self-replication DNA molecule used to transport foreign DNA into a cell (plasmid)

Selection

selecting for a naturally occurring microbe that produces a desired product

Mutation

Mutagens cause mutations that might result in a microbe with a desirable trait

Restriction enzymes

• cut specific sequences of DNA

• Destroy bacteriophage DNA in bacterial cells

• Methylated cytosines in bacteria protect their own DNA from digestion

• Create blunt ends or staggered cuts known as sticky ends

List four properties of vectors

• Carry new DNA to desired cells

• Must be able to self-replicate

• Plasmids and viruses can be used as vectors

• Shuttle vectors exist in several different species and can move cloned sequences among various organisms

Explain how DNA technology can be used to treat disease and to prevent disease

Treat disease:
- Gene therapy: Corrects faulty gene
- CRISPR: Edits DNA to fix mutations
- Biopharmaceuticals: Produces medicines like insulin

Prevent disease:
- DNA Vaccines: Trigger immune responses
- Genetics Screening: Identifies disease risk
- Gene Editing: Increase gene resistance

Gene silencing

process where a gene is prevented from being expressed, meaning it doesn’t produce its protein

A population of cells carrying a desired plasmid is called a

• clone

• vector

• southern blot

• PCR

clone

Which enzyme would cut this strand of DNA?
GCATGGATCCCAATGC

BamHI

Which of the following places the steps in the PCR procedure in the correct order?
1) Incubate at 94C to denature DNA strands;
2) Incubate at 72 for DNA synthesis;
3) Incubate at 60 for primer hybridization

1,3,2

A source of heat-stable DNA polymerase is

• Thermus aquaticus

• Sacchromyces cerevisiae

• Bacillus thuringiensis

• human

Thermus aquaticus

Biotechnology involves the

• use of microorganisms to make desired products and the use of animal cells to make vaccines

• development of disease-resistant crop plants

• use of animal cells to make vaccines

• use of microorganisms to make desired products, the use of animal cells to make vaccines, and the development of disease-resistant crop plants

use of microorganisms to make desired products, the use of animal cells to make vaccines, and the development of disease-resistant crop plants

Which of the following is NOT a desired characteristic of DNA vectors used in gene cloning procedures?

• has a selectable marker

• large size

• self-replication

• may replicate in several species

large size

The use of an antibiotic-resistant gene on a plasmid used in genetic engineering makes

• the recombinant cell dangerous

• the recombinant cell unable to survive

• direct selection possible

• All of the answers are correct

direct selection possible

While __ is/are responsible for the diversity of life, ___ is/are responsible for shaping a population with organisms possessing characteristics that enhance survival

• mutations; selection

• selection; mutations

• properties; vectors

• microbes; DNA

mutations; selection

TRUE/FALSE: In recombinant DNA technology, a vector is a self-replicating segment of DNA, such a plasmid or viral genome.

True