Anatomy Quiz 1

Anatomy

study of form and structure

systemic approach

study one system (e.g. muscle, skeletal, etc.) at a time

regional approach

study one region at a time (e.g. shoulder or thigh) - includes bones, muscles, blood supply, nerves, etc.

Histology

study of tissues

microscopic

Anatomical position

* feet facing forward
* hands at sides with palms facing forward
* body upright
* head and neck facing forward
* all descriptions of the body assume that the body is in the anatomical position, "standard orientation"

Sagittal

cuts body into left and right sections

movements in sagittal plane

* flexion
* extension
* Hyperextension

midsagittal

cuts through the midline of the body

coronal (frontal) plane

cuts the body into front and back sections

movements in coronal plane

* abduction/adduction


* side flex ion
* inversion/eversion

transverse (horizontal, cross section) plane

cuts transverse to the long axis of the structure

movements in transverse plane

medial/lateral rotation

horizontal abduction/adduction

protraction/retraction

pronation/supination

anterior

toward front

posterior

toward back

medial

towards midline

lateral

away from midline

superior

above

inferior

below

proximal

closer to body trunk

distal

distant from body trunk

superficial

closer to surface

deep

farther from surface

rostral

toward nose

caudal

toward tail

levels of classification

(small to big)

* cells
* Tissues
* Organs
* Organ system
* Organism

epithelium functions

* protection
* sensory reception
* Secretion/reception
* Secretion/excretion (sweat)
* Absorption
* Ion transport
* filtration (kidneys)
* slippery surfaces for movement (lungs/heart and digestive organs

epithelial tissue

* apical surface (faces free space/external environment like air/fluid)
* basal surface (rests on basement membrane)
* supported by connective tissue
* avascular
* highly innervated
* highly regenerative (bottom level of cells will divide and regenerate)

cilia

* many on a cell "beat" like a whip
* no cytoplasm
* move cells or substances (eg mucous) along cell surface

microvilli

* finger like extensions that contain cytoplasm
* increase surface area for absorption

glycocalyx

* glycolipids and glycoproteins on cell surface
* used for identification and communication
* like how the body knows what cells belong to us (eg organ transplant)

simple squamous epithelium

single layer of flat cells looks like fried egg/pillow

simple squamous epithelium function

diffusion and filtration

simple squamous epithelium locations

* alveoli of lung
* glomerulus of kidney
* endothelium (lines of blood vessels~~)~~
* mesothelium (lines closed body cavities eg pleural cavity, pericardial cavity)

simple cuboidal epithelium

single layer of cube shaped cells (height \= width)

simple cuboidal epithelium function

secretion and absorption

simple cuboidal epithelium locations

* lines ducts and glands
* kidney tubules
* pancreatic ducts

simple columnar epithelium

* single layer of column shaped cells (height>width)
* may contain goblet cells (secrete mucous)

simple columnar epithelium function

* secretion
* absorption
* ion transport

simple columnar epithelium locations

* line much of the GI tract
* lines some ducts
* some cells are ciliated

pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

* considered simple because all cells reach the basement membrane
* has cilia
* numerous goblet cells
* looks stratified

pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium location

lines upper respiratory tract, trachea, and larger bronchi

stratified squamous epithelium

* 23-30 layers of cells
* apical layer of cells is flat (squamous)
* basal layer is cuboidal

stratified squamous epithelium function

protection

stratified squamous epithelium locations

* skin
* esophagus
* anus
* vagina

transitional epithelium

* considered stratified (5-7 layers thick)
* top cells are dome shaped may be multi nuclear

transitional epithelium function

distends also protects

transitional epithelium locations

* ureter
* urinary bladder
* urethra

stratified columnar/cuboidal epithelium

* rare
* in glands/ducts
* protection

epithelial glands

* exocrine and endocrine
* can be unicellular (goblet cells)
* multicellular

exocrine

* secrete their substance in to a duct that empties "outside" the body
* ie sweat, digestive enzymes

endocrine

* secrete their substance into the blood
* ie hormones into blood

connective tissue functions

* **supports**: lies underneath epithelial tissues, provides blood supply and nutrients, pads and protects organs, absorbs shock
* **forms** the basis of the skeleton (bone and cartilage)
* **surrounds** blood vessels and nerves, binds tissue together
* **stores** energy (adipose)
* **transports** nutrients and other molecules (blood)
* **defends**: helps the body fight against infection; major site for inflammatory responses
* **repairs** damaged tissue, including scar tissue formation

connective tissue characteristics

* few cells, lots of extracellular matrix
* all connective tissue develops from embryonic mesenchyme

extracellular martix

* ground substance + fibers
* fibers = collagen, elastin, reticular

connective tissue cells

* fibroblast
* adipocytes
* macrophages
* mast cells
* plasma cells

fibroblast

* produce fibers and matrix
* most abundant type of cell
* looks like spindles or stars

adipocytes

store fat

macrophages

phagocytic to bateria, dirt, debris, dead tissue, etc

mast cells

release histamine, heparin, proteases

plasma cells

secrete antibodies

connective tissue fiber

* collagen
* reticular
* elastic

collagen fibers

* most abundant
* strongest

reticular fibers

* thin/delicate
* made out of same protein as collagen fibers
* allow more expansion than collagen
* form mesh networks surrounding structures like capillaries

elastic fibers

expand and snap back into their original shape

connective tissue - ground substance

* holds fluid
* varies in form
* blood = liquid
* cartilage = gel like
* bone = ossified, hard

types of connective tissue

* **loose** connective tissue
* **dense** connective tissue
* special types of connective tissue

loose connective tissue

* fewer fibers, more ground substance
* areolar loose connective tissue
* adipose
* reticular connective tissue

dense connective tissue

* more fibers, less ground substance
* dense regular connective tissue
* dense irregular connective tissue
* elastic connective tissue

areolar loos connective tissue

most abundant connective tissue

areolar connective tissue locations

* surrounds blood vessels, nerves
* underneath epithelia (serous membranes)
* in mesentery of abdomen

areolar connective tissue function

* **supports** and **binds** function
* **holds** body **fluids**
* **defends** against infection
* **stores** nutrients as **fat**
* **contains** all **fiber types**
* allows **movement**

adipose

large vascular supply

adipose function

* energy storage
* padding
* shock absorption

adipose location

* hypodermis
* surrounds kidney an eye
* found in mesenteries in the abdominal cavity

reticular connective tissue

contains only reticular fibers in its matrix

reticular connective tissue function

* loosely filters fluid
* acting as a screen to trap bacteria and foreign particles

reticular connective tissue locations

* bone marrow
* spleen
* lymph nodes

dense regular connective tissue

* lots of collagen fibers
* parallel to the direction of tension
* fibroblasts fill in the space between collagen fibers
* not as much ground substance

dense regular connective tissue function

resits force in one direction

dense regular connective tissue locations

* tendons and ligaments
* deep fascia

dense irregular connective tissue

lots of collagen fibers in many directions

dense irregular connective tissue function

resists forces in many directions

dense irregular connective tissue location

* dermis of skin
* capsule around some organs
* surrounds bone

elastic connective tissue

contains more elastic fibers than collagen fibers

elastic connective tissue function

allows recoil of tissue

elastic connective tissue location

* walls of large arteries (eg aorta)
* specific ligaments (ligamentum niche, ligamentum, flava)
* brachial tubes in the lungs

muscle tissue functions

* movement: skeletal muscle moves bone; move substance through an organ
* maintenance of posture (resist gravity)
* joint stabilization
* heat generation (shivering)
* develops from embryonic mesenchyme (like CT)

muscle tissue characteristics

* contractility
* excitability
* extensibility
* elasticity

contractility

muscle contracts forcefully

excitability

cells carry an electrical impulse

extensibility

muscle can be stretched

elasticity

after being stretched, muscle tissue can recoil passive and resume its resting length

type of muscle tissue

* skeletal
* cardiac
* smooth

skeletal muscle tissue

* striated: due to the pattern of actin and myosin
* voluntary: under conscious control
* multinucleated
* blood supply: good
* ability to grow and repair: some

cardiac muscle tissue

* striated
* involuntary: but cognitive thoughts and emotions can influence heart rate
* has intercalated discs
* blood supply: best (first in line for oxygenation)
* ability to grow and repair: poor

gap junction

* quickly spread excitation
* allowing fast contractions

desmosomes

evenly spread force between cardiac muscle cells

smooth muscle tissue

* unstriated - different organization of actin and myosin
* involuntary contraction - slow and rhythmic
* smaller, fusiform shaped cells with central nucleus
* lines hollow organs
* blood supply: least
* ability to grow and repair: easily

nerve tissue function

* receives sensory information
* integrates and processes sensory information
* initiates a response
* summarized in a basic reflex arc

nerve tissue characteristics

* high metabolic rate: needs a lot of oxygen and glucose
* "soft" tissue: prone to injury
* repair and healing depends on type of damage and location