KNR 313 Exam 3

Validity

Does the device measure what it reports to measure

Reliability

Consistency,
Arrow Example: All arrows must land close to each other every time

Sensitivity

Precision; Sensitivity to change

Reactivity

Device reacts to movements that are not what you want to measure
Ex: Shaking a pedometer

Feasibility

Cost & Comfort of device

Self-Reporting

Recall, Diaries, Logs, Questionnaire

Issue with Self-Reporting?

Subjective assessment tools are at the mercy of those providing the information

Pedometer

Provide information on ambulatory PA
Moderate validity in measuring PA (0.3-0.5)

Accelerometer

Detection of acceleration, amount of movement is summed over time

Accelerometer Measurement Issues

High validity, high reliability, not as feasible ($200-500)

Indirect Calorimetry (Gold Standard #1)

Lab-based or portable units,
Can be restrictive - either in a room for 24 hours, or the portable units are not applicable for long-term energy expenditure.

Doubly Labeled Water (Gold Standard #2)

Drink a known amount of two stable isotopes
Collect urine on "drink day" and "end day" to determine quality of isotopes in metabolism (CO2 Production)
Precise kcal estimates
Lacks estimates of mins of PA or other qualitative info
High cost ($800)

Energy Balance Equation

Positive = Gain adipose tissue
Negative = Lose adipose tissue
Caloric Balance = No change

Which method has high feasibility but low validity

Questionnaire

Which method has high validity but low feasibility

Doubly Labeled Water

Most feasible (Least Valid) to Least Feasible (Most Valid)

Questionnaire, diary, pedometer, HR monitor, Accelerometer, Direct observation, calorimetry, Doubly labeled water

Where do most American's Fall?

Sedentary (

Muscular Endurace

Lower loads, higher reps, 12-25 reps

Muscular Strength

Higher loads (85-100% 1RM), 1-6 reps

Muscle Hypertrophy

Perform muscular strength to make muscles look large, perform muscular endurance to decrease fat and make muscles more defined

Muscle Power

How fast you are strong, 60-70% 1RM

Generalized Loading

Loading on the entire skeletal system: Jumping
Best for young individuals

Localized Loading

Loading to specific bones - Weight training

Type of muscle fitness training required to maintain and build bone and muscle mass

Strength Training

Only form of energy that can power biologic work

ATP
36-39 ATP from glucose aerobically
463 ATP from aerobic fat

Resistance Training and Metabolism

Weight training has virtually no effect on resting metabolism in the short term (less than a year or two)

Why is it important to do resistance training when trying to lose adipose tissue?

If you don't perform strength training while losing adipose tissue you will also lose muscle mass. Strength training while losing adipose tissue will allow you to maintain muscle mass

Correlation coefficients

Tell you about relationship among variables --> does not tell you cause & effect
Range is +1 to -1
Closer it gets to 0 the poorer the relationship

Direct linear relationship

When Correlation Coefficient is close to +1
One goes up and the other goes up

Negative Linear Relationship

Close to -1
One goes up other goes down

What is metabolic fitness best exhibited by

BMR?

First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

Different components of TEE

60-70% RMR
20-30% Activity (Incidental PA)
10% Thermic Effect Of Food

Sense Wear Armband & Doubly Labeled Water Comparison

30 people wore two armband monitors for two weeks and compared it with doubly labeled water method - No significant differences in TEE

Nutrients most important for building muscle mass

Protein & Complex Carbs

Four things necessary to build muscle mass

Hormonal, Genetics, Nutrition, Resistance Training

Metabolic Syndrome

Abdominal obesity - waist circumference of 102 cm for men, 88 cm for women
Serum triglycerides - 150 mg/dl or above
HDL Cholesterol - 40 mg/dl or lower in men, 50 mg/dl or lower in women
BP - 130/85 or higher
Fasting Blood Glucose - 100 mg/dl or above

How many of the five factors do you need to meet to have metabolic syndrome?

3 or more

What fuel source powers the energy for strength training

PCr Pathway

Thermic Effect of Food Meaning

Increased metabolic rate after consuming food

Which of the 5 symptoms of metabolic syndrome is visually apparent

Abdominal Obesity

% of people over the age of 60 in the US who have metabolic syndrome?

40%

BMR

Energy Expenditure necessary to keep cells alive
Measured when you are asleep but alive

RMR

Includes BMR & Metabolism when Sedentary
Awake but not moving

Impact of strength training on metabolism in the long term

Weight lifting has little to no effect on metabolism in less than 1-2 years
>2 Years of weight lifting can substantial increase in muscle mass will increase metabolic rate

Wolf's Law

We deposit bone at areas of stress
Can be positive (increase in bone mass) or negative (bone spurs)

What type of activity is best for bone health in preadolescents

Jumping

Energy in a pound of adipose tissue

3,500 kcals

Two Component model of body composition

Version 1: Lean body mass & Fat mass
Problem: Not all lipid within the body is included into the fat mass category.
Version 2: Fat & Fat-free mass
Problem: Bone mass, water volume, and muscle mass all in one category

4 Compartment Model

Adipose Tissue
Bone Mass
Muscle Mass
Water Volume

How much time a US child spends in a sedentary state each day

14 hrs

Sitting Disease

Behavior of sitting all day and being sedentary

What makes up a majority of daily energy expenditure

Resting Metabolic Rate

What hormones are most important for bone health

Testosterone & Estrogen

What explains the increase in weight when starting an exercise program

Increase in glycogen & water stores, not muscle

Recommended steps to achieve basic health guidelines through pedometry

10,000

Group that had an unusually high # of steps per day

Old-order Amish - Well over 10,000

Advantages to new pattern recognition monitors

Anything new; can help us measure multiple things at once (pedometer, accelerometer, HR all in one)

What form we store carbs in in our muscles

Glycogen

% of Post-menopausal osteoporosis reduction caused by jumping in early age women and girls

10%

What accounts for the majority energy allocated for activity energy expenditure

Incidental physical activity

How much can you expect to increase your metabolic rate per day by adding 4 lbs of muscle?

24 kcal per day (Hershey kiss)

Which survey we get the data about PA in the US

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Condition that leads to osteoporosis

Osteopenia

Slow Muscle Fiber Type

Type I

Fast Muscle Fiber Type

Type II A & B