Anatomy Chapter 6 Skeletal System

List 6 Functions of Bones

1. Produces RBC

2. Protects Organs

3. Helps us breath

4. Stores minerals

5. Movement

6. Framework

Are your bones alive?

Yes, they are alive.

Long Bones

Longer than they are wide, legs and arms.

Short Bones

Equal in length and width, wrists and ankles.

Flat Bones

Flat, thin bones, can be curved, sternum and ribs.

Irregular Bones

Irregulary shaped bones, hips and vertabrae.

What covers the outside of the bones?

Periosteum.

What are the end of the bones called?

Epiphysis.

Name the area between the ends of the bone

Diaphysis.

Name the hollow area of the bone

The Medullary Cavity.

What does the Medullary Cavity do?

Produces bone marrow.

What is the function of red bone marrow?

Blood cell production.

Yellow bone marrow has what?

A high fat content.

In an emergency yellow bone marrow does what?

Turns red to make RBC.

What does the word 'Skeleton' mean?

Dried up body.

Compact Bone

The dense, hard layer of bone tissue.

Osteons

Cylindrical structures that comprise compact bone.

Central/Haversian Systems

Concentric layers of ossified bone matrix arranged around a central canal.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells.

Perforating Canals

Structures through which blood vessels enter and exit the bone shaft.

Spongey Bone

Contains spaces that are filled with blood-forming tissue that stores blood cells.

Trabeculae

Supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous bone.

Endosteum

Membrane lining the Medullary cavity of a bone.

Sternum

Breastbone.

Vertabrae

The small bones that make up the backbone.

Ossification/Osteogenisis

Process of bone formation.

Osteoprogenitor cells

bone stem cells.

Osteoblasts

Bone building cells.

Osteoclasts

Bone-destroying cells.

Longitudinally

In the direction of the length.

Hemopoiesis

The formation of blood cells in the living body (especially in the bone marrow).

Intramembraneous ossification

Bone develops from a fibrous membrane.

Endochondral ossification

Process of transforming cartilage into bone.

Primary ossification center

region, deep in the periosteal collar, where bone development starts during endochondral ossification.

Epiphyseal plate

Growth plate, made of cartilage, gradually ossifies.

Hematoma Formation

Torn blood vessels hemorrhage, forming mass of clotted blood called a hematoma.

Inflammation

A localized response to an injury or to the destruction of tissues.

Soft (fibrocartilage ) callus formation

The second stage of bone repair. The cartilage fills in the space between the bones, and blood vessels begin to grow into the area.

Hard (bony) callus formation

The 3rd stage, the bone replaces the cartilage via endochondral ossification.

Remodeled Bone

Stage four of bone repair. Performed via the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts until the fracture is nearly undetectable.

Cartilage

A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones.

Articular cartilage

covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints.

Bursa

a fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones that is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid.

Synovial fluid

Joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane.

Arthritis

Painful inflammation and stiffness of the joints.

Osteoarthritis

Inflammation of the bones and joints.

Articulation

Multiple bones joined together to create a joint.

Ligament

Connects bone to bone.

Tendons

Connect muscle to bone.

Fibrous Joints

Generally immovable, layers of dense tissue.

Cartilaginous Joints

It allows only slight movement and consists of bones connected entirely by cartilage.

Synovial Joints

Freely movable joints, aided by synovial fluid.

Gliding Joints

Joints Between the Carpals - these joints allowed bones to slide over one another.

Hinge Joints

Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plane.

Saddle Joints

Only one pair exists and is between the thumb and wrist.

Ellipsoidal Joints

The joints that connect your phalanges to your metacarpals. Like flattened ball-and-socket joints.

Pivot Joints

Pivot joints allow rotation arround an axis. The neck and forearms have pivot joints. Limited rotations.

Ball and socket joints

Hips and shoulders, allow a wide range of movement in many directions.

Flexion

Bending at the joint so that the angle between the bones is decreased.

Extension

Increases the angle of a joint by straightening it.

Plantar Flexion

Bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground.

Dorisflexion

Movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle, the toes point upwards.

Hyperextension

Extension beyond anatomical position.

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body.

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body.

Inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward.

Eversion

Turning the sole of the foot outward.

Supination

Movement that turns the palm up.

Pronation

Movement that turns the palm down.

Protraction

Moving a body part forward.

Retraction

Moving a part backward.

Rotation

Circular movement around an axis.

Circumduction

Moving the arm in a circle around the shoulder.

Axial Skeleton

The portion of the skeleton that supports and protects the head, neck, and trunk.

Appendicular Skeleton

The portion of the skeleton that attaches to the axial skeleton and has the limbs attached to it.

Sutures

Areas where the cranial bones have joined together.

Manubrium

Upper portion of the sternum.

Body

Largest, central portion of a human.

Xiphoid Proccess

The narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum.

Vertebrocostal

Referring to the false rib pairs 8-10 and their points of attachment.

Vertebrosternal

True ribs, 1-7.

Humerus Bone

Uppermost and largest bone of the arm.

Femur Bone

Upper thigh bone.

Radius Bone

Smaller bone in the forearm (lower arm and on the thumb side)

Ulna Bone

Inner and larger bone of the forearm, attached to the wrist, on the pinky side.

Carpals

Wrist bones, 8 total.

Tarsals

Ankle bones, 7 total.

Metacarpals

Bones that form the palms of your hand, 5 total.

Metatarsals

Bones of the foot, between the ankle and the toes.

Tibia

The shin bone, lower leg.

Fibula

The smaller shin bone, lower leg.

Phalanges

Bones that make the fingers and the toes.

Pectoral

Bones that make up the chest.

Pelvic

Bones that make up the pelvis.

Clavicle

The bone that makes up the collar bone.