recap 2nd

Carolus Linnaeus

Developed a classification system for organisms.

Taxonomy

The science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms.

Cell Structure

One of the criteria scientists use to classify organisms.

Kingdoms of Life

Animal, Plant, Fungi, Protist, Eubacteria, Archaea Bacteria.

Taxonomy Pyramid

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

Classification

The grouping of organisms based on characteristics and traits.

Animal Kingdom Characteristics

Many-celled, feed on living or once-living organisms.

Plant Kingdom Characteristics

Many-celled, make their own food.

Fungi Kingdom Characteristics

Mostly many-celled, absorb food from other living or dead organisms.

Protists Kingdom Characteristics

Mostly single-celled, can make their own food or feed on living or once-living organisms.

Monerans Kingdom Characteristics

Single-celled, lack a cell nucleus, some make food, some feed on living or once-living organisms.

Monerans Examples

Bacteria.

Protists Examples

Algae, Amoebas, Euglena, Paramecium.

Fungi Examples

Mushrooms, Yeasts, Molds.

Plants Examples

Trees, Flowers, Grasses, Ferns, Mosses.

Animals Examples

Monkey, Humans, Birds, Frogs, Fish, Spiders.

Importance of Plants

Provide energy for most living things and help stabilize Earth's climate.

Vascular Plants

Have plant cells forming tubes for water and nutrient transport.

Non-Vascular Plants

Lack tubes for material transport, hence are usually small.

Cell

The smallest unit capable of life activities.

Cell Theory

All living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells come from existing cells.

Organelle

Structures within a cell that enable its functions.

Prokaryotic Cell

Lacks a membrane-covered nucleus and organelles, with circular DNA.

Eukaryotic Cell

Contains a nucleus, membrane-covered organelles, and linear DNA.

Cell Membrane

Outer layer of the cell, controlling substance movement and maintaining homeostasis.

Cytoplasm

Jelly-like fluid within the cell holding organelles.

Nucleus

Control center of the cell containing DNA.

Mitochondria

Power center providing energy for cell activities.

Ribosomes

Sites for protein synthesis in the cell.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Cell's transportation system.

Lysosomes

Organelles digesting food, particles, and cell parts.

Vacuole

Organelle storing water, food, and waste.

Cell Wall

Found in plant cells, providing protection and support.

Chloroplasts

Present in plant cells, where photosynthesis occurs.

Homeostasis

Internal balance maintained by cells.

Mitosis

Cell division process starting with the nucleus division.

Heredity

Passing of traits from parents to offspring.

Traits

Observable characteristics or qualities an individual carries.

Alleles

Different forms of a gene or trait.

DNA

Material carrying information about an organism's appearance and functions.

Recessive Allele

Trait expressed only when no dominant allele is present.

Dominant Allele

Trait expressed even with one copy present.

Zygote

Cell formed by the combination of egg and sperm cells.

Fertilization

Process where sperm meets egg to form a zygote.

Habitat

Natural living place for an organism.

Biotic

Living organisms in an environment.

Abiotic

Non-living factors in an environment.

Organism

Individual plant, animal, or single-cell life form.

Population

Group of individuals in an environment.

Community

All populations living together in an environment.

Carbon Cycle

The process by which carbon is exchanged between living organisms, the atmosphere, oceans, and Earth's crust.

Fossil Fuels

Deposits underground such as oil and coal that store carbon and are released slowly into the atmosphere when burned.

Force

A push or pull on an object described by its size and direction, responsible for creating motion.

Friction

The force that resists the movement of one surface past another, including sliding, rolling, and static friction.

Gravity

The force of attraction between any two objects, affecting all life on Earth and depending on mass and distance.

Mass vs

Mass is the total amount of matter in an object, while weight is the force of gravity acting on an object.

Motion

Described based on a frame of reference, including circular, straight-line, and vibrational motion.

Speed

Measures how fast an object is moving, calculated by dividing distance traveled by time taken.

Velocity

Speed of an object in a particular direction, changing with changes in speed or direction.

Acceleration

Rate at which velocity changes, occurring when an object speeds up, slows down, or changes direction.

Newton's Laws of Motion

Three laws describing the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting on it.