Chapter 9: Land and Water Use

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103 Terms

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Rodenticides
________: A chemical that kills unwanted rodents such as mice and rats.
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Urban runoff
________: Occurs when cities are so covered with concrete, asphalt, buildings, and so on, that water cant infiltrate into the land and runs off instead.
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Slag
________ and tailings: The waste from mining that must be dealt with and can be an environmental problem if it is not.
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Windbreaks
________: Planting trees or shrubs next to crops to prevent wind erosion.
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Furrow irrigation
________: Building rows between crops and flooding those rows with water.
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Reforestation
________: Planting new trees after harvesting the adult ones.
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freshwater
The ________ is removed and the salt water can move into the aquifer, destroying the aquifer.
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agriculture
No- till ________: Planting crops without tilling, or churning the soil, before you plant.
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Mechanization
________: Using mechanical means like tractors and farm equipment to harvest crops.
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Overburden
________: The rock and soil found above a mine that must be removed to get to the mineral resource.
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Cons
________: uses large quantities of water and water is lost to evaporation.
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Desertification
________: When an area is so overgrazed it cant recover and the area can become a desert.
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Pesticides
________: A generic term to describe any herbicide, fungicide, rodenticide, or insecticide.
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Spray irrigation
________: Using sprinkler- type devices to water crops.
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Aquifers
________: A layer of rock that is filled with water.
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Salinization
________: Salt in the soil that limits plant growth.
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Aquaculture
________: Farm raising fish, shellfish, or aquatic plants to sell.
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Urban sprawl
________: Term used to describe cities as they expand more and more into the surrounding ecosystems /habitats.
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Infiltration
________: The ability of water to move through the soil and perhaps into an aquifer.
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Biocontrol
________: A method of integrated pest management that uses predator bugs to control pest species.
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Insecticides
________: A chemical that kills unwanted insects.
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Fungicides
________: A chemical that kills unwanted fungi.
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Ecological footprint
________: The area of land (measured in hectares) that a person or society uses due to the pressures it puts on the environment.
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Tragedy
________ of the commons: A shared resource that no one owns and everyone can use is overexploited and eventually unavailable to all.
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Fertilization
________: Using man- made, chemical fertilizers on crops to help them grow better.
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Surface
________ mining: A type of mining where minerals are found near to the ________ with only soil and small amounts of rock above it so it is inexpensive and relatively easy to obtain.
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Saltwater intrusion
________: Occurs when too many people living in cities close to the coastline draw on an aquifer for fresh water.
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Herbicides
________: A chemical that kills unwanted plants.
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Rotational grazing
________: Moving animals around to various pastures to allow the grass to recover from grazing.
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Urbanization
________: People moving from rural areas and into cities looking for jobs or other opportunities.
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Contour plowing
________: Planting crops with the contour of the land to prevent erosion.
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Free range
________ grazing: Allowing animals to roam free and eat on grassy pastures.
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Flood irrigation
________: Flooding an entire crop with water.
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Humans
________ can mitigate their impact on land and water resources through sustainable use.
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Clear cutting
________: An economically viable way of cutting down all the trees in an area of a forest for human use.
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Drip irrigation
________: Using hoses that slowly drip water onto the roots of plants.
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Strip cropping
________: Planting crops in strips with one strip having a crop with deep, extensive roots and one that doesnt.
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Cons
________: can cause disease and, if the farmed animal or plant escapes its enclosure, it could reproduce or outcompete with native species.
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Cons
________: disease can spread so large amounts of antibiotics are used and manure and urine can run off into local waterways.
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Cons
________: uses large quantities of water and water is lost to evaporation.
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Tragedy of the commons
A shared resource that no one owns and everyone can use is overexploited and eventually unavailable to all
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Clear-cutting
An economically viable way of cutting down all the trees in an area of a forest for human use. This leads to erosion, flooding, and increased soil and water temperatures, and it removes the carbon sink that forests provide.
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Mechanization
Using mechanical means like tractors and farm equipment to harvest crops
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Fertilization
Using man-made, chemical fertilizers on crops to help them grow better
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Tilling
Turning the land over so you can plant crops, but this can lead to erosion of the soil from both water and wind
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Slash-and-burn farming
This is an agricultural method for taking wild land such as a forest, and clearing it to grow crops. Usually this method involves slashing (cutting down) and burning the plants that were found there and planting a crop.
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Drip irrigation
Using hoses that slowly drip water onto the roots of plants.
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Pro
conserves water
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Con
expensive
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Flood irrigation
Flooding an entire crop with water.
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Pros
cheap and quick
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Cons
uses large quantities of water and water is lost to evaporation
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Furrow irrigation
Building rows between crops and flooding those rows with water.
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Pros
cheap and quick
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Cons
uses large quantities of water and water is lost to evaporation
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Spray irrigation
Using sprinkler-type devices to water crops. Pro: less water lost to evaporation. Con: expensive.
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Pro
less water lost to evaporation
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Con
expensive
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Waterlogging
When soil gets so flooded with water, and the water then evaporates but the salt is left behind. After many years of this, the land is so salty that most plants can’t grow.
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Salinization
Salt in the soil that limits plant growth
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Aquifers
A layer of rock that is filled with water
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Pesticides
A generic term to describe any herbicide, fungicide, rodenticide, or insecticide
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Herbicides
A chemical that kills unwanted plants
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Fungicides
A chemical that kills unwanted fungi
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Rodenticides
A chemical that kills unwanted rodents such as mice and rats
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Insecticides
A chemical that kills unwanted insects
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Concentrated animal feeding operations
Large feeding operations with many animals in a small area. Pro: increased profits. Cons: disease can spread so large amounts of antibiotics are used and manure and urine can run off into local waterways.
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Pro
increased profits
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Cons
disease can spread so large amounts of antibiotics are used and manure and urine can run off into local waterways
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Free-range grazing
Allowing animals to roam free and eat on grassy pastures
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Overgrazing
When too many animals are allowed to eat in an area and the grass/plants cant recover. This often leads to desertification.
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Desertification
When an area is so overgrazed it cant recover and the area can become a desert
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Overfishing
Taking too many fish at one time by commercial fishing and not allowing the breeding stock to reproduce and replenish
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Surface mining
A type of mining where minerals are found near to the surface with only soil and small amounts of rock above it so it is inexpensive and relatively easy to obtain
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Overburden
The rock and soil found above a mine that must be removed to get to the mineral resource
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Slag and tailings
The waste from mining that must be dealt with and can be an environmental problem if it is not
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Subsurface mining
Digging deep into the Earth to get to the mineral resource. Pro: can get to a resource that is abundant deep within the Earth. Con: expensive and sometimes dangerous.
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Pro
can get to a resource that is abundant deep within the Earth
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Con
expensive and sometimes dangerous
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Urbanization
People moving from rural areas and into cities looking for jobs or other opportunities
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Saltwater intrusion
Occurs when too many people living in cities close to the coastline draw on an aquifer for fresh water. The freshwater is removed and the salt water can move into the aquifer, destroying the aquifer.
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Impervious surfaces
Surfaces like concrete or asphalt that dont allow for water to infiltrate into the ground
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Permeable surfaces
Surfaces that do allow water to seep into the ground and replenish aquifers or water plants
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Urban sprawl
Term used to describe cities as they expand more and more into the surrounding ecosystems/habitats
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Ecological footprint
The area of land (measured in hectares) that a person or society uses due to the pressures it puts on the environment. In other words, the amount of natural resources that it takes to support one person or one society. People living in developed nations have a greater ecological footprint than people living in developing nations.
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Urban runoff
Occurs when cities are so covered with concrete, asphalt, buildings, and so on, that water cant infiltrate into the land and runs off instead
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Infiltration
The ability of water to move through the soil and perhaps into an aquifer
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Integrated pest management
The method of killing pests without using as much pesticide; for example, using predator bugs and rotating crops
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Biocontrol
A method of integrated pest management that uses predator bugs to control pest species
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Intercropping
A method of integrated pest management where rows of crops that repel pests are planted next to the row of crops the farmer wants to sell
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Crop rotation
A method of rotating crops to different fields so the soil has a chance to recover and minerals are not depleted
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Contour plowing
Planting crops with the contour of the land to prevent erosion
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Windbreaks
Planting trees or shrubs next to crops to prevent wind erosion
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Perennial crops
Planting crops that dont need to be replanted each year but can be harvested multiple times throughout the year
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Terracing
Creating flat terraces on mountainsides to plant crops and prevent erosion
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No-till agriculture
Planting crops without tilling, or churning the soil, before you plant
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Strip cropping
Planting crops in strips with one strip having a crop with deep, extensive roots and one that doesnt. The crop with roots will hold in the soil and prevent erosion that the other crop doesn’t do.
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Rotational grazing
Moving animals around to various pastures to allow the grass to recover from grazing
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Aquaculture
Farm raising fish, shellfish, or aquatic plants to sell.
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Pros
inexpensive and uses less water and energy