DRRR: Midterms Reviewer

Disaster Risk Reduction and Readiness

3. It causes a multidimensional impact affecting not only the socioeconomic and political life but also the mental and cultural state of the affected area

• This definition captures the complex and far-reaching impacts of disasters beyond just physical damage

• Disasters can have significant impacts on communities and societies, including economic, social, political, and cultural effects, as well as mental health impacts

• Highlights the multidimensional nature of disasters and how they can affect different aspects of people's lives, which is an important consideration in disaster preparedness, response, and recovery efforts

3. It causes a multidimensional impact affecting not only the socioeconomic and political life but also the mental and cultural state of the affected area

• This definition captures the complex and far-reaching impacts of disasters beyond just physical damage

• Disasters can have significant impacts on communities and societies, including economic, social, political, and cultural effects, as well as mental health impacts

• Highlights the multidimensional nature of disasters and how they can affect different aspects of people's lives, which is an important consideration in disaster preparedness, response, and recovery efforts

Which of the following definitions provides the most accurate description of a disaster?

1. It disrupts people’s everyday day-to-day life such as school life, business activities, and government services

2. A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or human activity that may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption, or environmental degradation

3. It causes a multidimensional impact affecting not only the socioeconomic and political life but also the mental and cultural state of the affected area

1. Its location along the Pacific Ring of Fire and typhoon belt

• The Pacific Ring of Fire is a region where many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur due to the collision of tectonic plates

• The country is situated in the typhoon belt, making it prone to powerful storms and flooding

• These factors make the Philippines highly susceptible to natural disasters which can cause significant damage to infrastructure, property, and human life

• While the country's large population and proximity to the Pacific Ocean are also relevant factors, its location along the Pacific Ring of Fire and typhoon belt is considered the primary reason for its vulnerability to natural hazards and disasters

• The lack of discipline from citizens is not a factor that contributes to the susceptibility of the country to natural hazards and disasters.

Which factor contribute the most to the Philippines being identified as one of the top three countries most susceptible and exposed to various natural hazards and disasters according to the World Risk Report 2022?

1. Its location along the Pacific Ring of Fire and typhoon belt

2. There is lack of discipline from the citizens

3. The country has large a population

4. It is surrounded by waters near the Pacific Ocean

1. To be ready in the most unexpected time

• Natural disasters can strike at any time, often with little or no warning

• It is essential to prepare for such disasters by developing a plan that includes steps to take be

• While having a well-built foundation for your house and knowing when to collect family funds may be important, they are not directly related to disaster preparedness

• The main objective of disaster preparedness is to ensure that you are ready to respond to emergencies and reduce the potential impact of natural disasters on your life and property

Why do you need to make preparations for a disaster?

1. To be ready in the most unexpected time

2. To have a well-built foundation of our house

3. To know when to collect family fund

4. To participate in drills

2. A hazard is a potential threat to humans, while a disaster is the actual occurrence of that threat

• Hazards have the potential to cause harm or damage, but the extent of the harm or damage is not known until the hazard actually occurs

• A disaster is the actual occurrence of a hazard that results in significant harm, damage, or loss of life

  • Can be caused by natural hazards or by human-made hazards

• Hazards can often be predicted and their impacts minimized through disaster risk reduction efforts

• Disasters can be unpredictable and may result in significant losses

How would you distinguish between a hazard and a disaster?

1. A hazard is something that cannot be predicted, while a disaster is something that can be predicted

2. A hazard is a potential threat to humans, while a disaster is the actual occurrence of that threat

3. A hazard is a natural phenomenon, while a disaster is a man-made phenomenon

4. A hazard is the cause of potential harm, while a disaster is the actual harm caused by that hazard

2. Developing evacuation plans

• The ability to evacuate quickly and efficiently can be the difference between life and death

• Developing and practicing evacuation plans ahead of time can help individuals and communities to be better prepared for natural disasters, allowing them to move to safer areas and avoid hazards

• It is also important to stay informed about potential natural disasters and to follow guidance from local authorities in order to stay safe

What is the most effective method for preparing for natural disasters?

1. Always stay indoors

2. Developing evacuation plans

3. Stockpiling food and water

4. Building sturdy structures

1. Damage to physical and material structures

• It’s often the most visible and widespread effect of a disaster

• This damage can disrupt transportation, communication, and access to basic necessities

• It can lead to economic losses and displacement of people

What are the common effects of disaster?

1. Damage to physical and material structures

2. Extreme changes in weather

3. Physical disabilities and psychological disturbances

4. High incidences of diseases in the community

1. Displacement of affected communities

• Displacement can have significant social, economic, and psychological effects

• It can be permanent, requiring the affected communities to rebuild their lives elsewhere

• Addressing displacement is an essential aspect of disaster response and recovery efforts

What is the most prevalent long-term consequence of natural disasters among the following options?

1. Displacement of affected communities

2. Shortage of basic necessities such as food and water

3. Spread of diseases

4. Damage to infrastructure such as buildings and roads

3. Biological

• Biological disasters involve:

  • the outbreak or spread of disease

  • contamination of food or water

  • exposure to harmful biological agents such as viruses or bacteria

Which disaster perspective would be most applicable to describe a situation of unknowingly eating expired food due to hunger and lack of other options?

1. Physical

2. Economical

3. Biological

4. Environmental

2. Physical

• Physical factors are related to the built environment

What are the disaster risk factors associated with physical objects or infrastructure, such as the presence of fire exits, the durability of buildings, and the existence of objects that could pose a threat or provide assistance?

1. Economic

2. Physical

3. Socio-cultural

4. Psychological

1. Vulnerability

• It refers to the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system, or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard

• It includes factors such as the physical and environmental conditions, social and economic status, and access to resources and information

What term is used to describe the reduced ability of an individual or group to foresee, handle, resist, and recover from the effects of a natural or human-made hazard?

1. Vulnerability

2. Hazard

3. Disaster risk

4. Exposure

1. Liquefaction

• In areas with loose, sandy soils

• Occurs when shaking from an earthquake causes the soil to lose its strength and stiffness, turning it into a liquid-like state

What is the most common hazard caused by earthquakes?

1. Liquefaction

2. Lahar

3. Fire

4. Storm surge

2. A community that experiences an earthquake with a depth of focus of 9,000 km

• The depth of focus is an important factor that determines the severity of an earthquake

  • The deeper the earthquake's focus, the less severe its effects on the surface

• Option 1, an overpopulated community with earthquake preparedness measures in place, is better prepared to handle the impacts of an earthquake, but the high population density increases the risk of casualties and damage to infrastructure

Which community has the lowest vulnerability to earthquakes?

1. An overpopulated community with earthquake preparedness measures in place

2. A community that experiences an earthquake with a depth of focus of 9,000 km

3. A community that experiences an earthquake with a magnitude of 5

4. A community located at 1 km radius of the epicenter

2. II, III, IV (Women, children and senior citizens)

• They often have limited access to resources, face barriers in receiving aid and information, and may have additional health and mobility challenges that make it harder for them to evacuate or recover from disasters

• They may also face discrimination and violence during and after disasters

What is the most vulnerable group of people to disasters among the following options?

I. Men

II. Women

III. Children

IV. Senior citizens

1. I, II, III

2. II, III, IV

3. I, II, IV

4. I, III, IV

2. Inefficient communication among community members

• Social/organizational vulnerability refers to the susceptibility of a community or society to the negative impacts of a disaster due to social, cultural, economic, or political factors

• The community lacks effective communication channels, strategies, and structures to disseminate information about hazards, disaster risks, and response actions

• Inefficient communication can lead to confusion, panic, and delays in decision-making, thereby increasing the vulnerability of the community

Which among the following falls under the category of social/organizational vulnerability?

1. Lack of access to healthcare services

2. Inefficient communication among community members

3. Inadequate emergency response capabilities

4. Unavailability of early warning systems

3. A city allows developers to build buildings with substandard materials and inadequate safety features

• Poor design and construction of buildings can significantly increase vulnerability

• Poor building design and construction can have a direct and immediate impact on the safety and well-being of individuals in the community

Which of the following is the best indicator of vulnerability?

1. A community does not have access to information on how to prepare for a natural disaster

2. A country has laws in place that do not mandate building codes or safety regulations

3. A city allows developers to build buildings with substandard materials and inadequate safety features

4. A government does not acknowledge that certain areas are prone to natural disasters

2. An indigenous tribe living in a remote mountainous region prone to landslides

• They may lack access to early warning systems, emergency services, and adequate infrastructure to cope with the impact of landslides

• They may have limited resources and capacity to recover from the effects of natural hazards

Among the following groups, which is the most vulnerable to natural disasters?

1. Local government leaders responsible for disaster management in a typhoon-prone province

2. An indigenous tribe living in a remote mountainous region prone to landslides

3. A small business owner operating in a coastal area that is susceptible to storm surges

4. Doctors working in a hospital located in a flood-prone area

1. Economic

• Has caused significant economic losses, with many businesses struggling or even closing permanently, and individuals losing jobs or sources of income

Which element is most affected by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, specifically in terms of the closure of businesses like malls and leisure establishments to prevent the spread of the virus?

1. Economic

2. Environmental

3. Social

4. Physical

1. Promote and support community preparedness and resilience efforts

• Involves empowering and educating the community, allowing them to be better prepared and more capable of responding to disasters

• By building community resilience, the community is better able to withstand and recover from disasters

Which of the following measures reduces the degree of vulnerability of a community?

1. Promote and support community preparedness and resilience efforts

2. Developing and implementing emergency response plans

3. Strengthen regulations and policies related to environmental protection

4. Building infrastructure that can withstand natural disasters

2. Increase public information and awareness

• This involves providing education and resources to the public to help them understand the risks they face and how to prepare and respond to them

• By increasing public awareness, the government can help individuals and communities take proactive steps to reduce their vulnerability and increase their resilience to natural disasters and other hazards

What actions should the government take to shield a community from vulnerability?

1. Proper monitoring of buildings

2. Increase public information and awareness

3. Proper environmental management

4. Limit risk preparedness

1. Poor infrastructure design

• It increases the vulnerability of a community or a building to natural disasters

• Poor infrastructure design is a more specific example of a disaster risk, as it can contribute to the severity of a disaster and the vulnerability of a community

Which of the instances presents disaster risk?

1. Poor infrastructure design

2. Unpreparedness

3. Lack of awareness

4. Well educated

3. IV (People)

• While people may be affected by disaster risk, they are not a contributing factor to the risk itself

Disaster risk refers to the possibility of harm to human lives, well-being, livelihoods, and other exposed components, which are frequently difficult to measure. Which among the following is least probable to contribute to disaster risk?

I. Hazard

II. Exposure

III. Vulnerability

IV. People

1. II, III, IV

2. III, IV

3. IV

4. III

4. Flooding and soil erosion

• Deforestation removes trees and vegetation, which can lead to soil erosion and landslides

• Can also cause a decrease in water availability, leading to drought conditions in some regions

• Flash floods and environmental degradation are not as commonly associated with this issue as flooding and soil erosion

What are the common effects of deforestation?

1. Flash floods and environmental degradation

2. Flooding and drought

3. Typhoon and flash floods

4. Flooding and soil erosion

2. Economical

• It is an abstract concept that is not physically exposed to hazards

• Areas within fault lines identified as at risk by PHIVOLCS are vulnerable to a variety of hazards, including:

  • physical (such as ground rupture, landslides, and liquefaction)

  • environmental (such as water contamination and air pollution), and

  • social (such as displacement and social disruption)

Which of the following elements is least likely to be exposed to hazard in areas of Metro Manila situated within fault lines identified as at risk by PHIVOLCS?

1. Environmental

2. Economical

3. Social

4. Physical

1. Building structures that are more resilient to earthquakes

• The most effective measure

• Building codes and standards have been developed to guide engineers and architects in constructing earthquake-resistant structures

Which of the following measures can help to reduce the risk of earthquake hazards?

1. Building structures that are more resilient to earthquakes

2. Identifying potential hazards

3. Relocating to safer areas

4. Educating individuals on earthquake safety measures

2. Liquefaction

• Can occur when water-saturated granular soils experience sudden stress changes, causing the soil particles to lose contact with each other and become buoyant

• Can cause damage to buildings and other structures, as they may sink or tilt, and it can also lead to the formation of sinkholes

• Areas with a high water table, loose soil, or areas near bodies of water are more susceptible

What is the term for the phenomenon when soil loses strength and stiffness and behaves like a liquid during an earthquake or sudden change in stress condition?

1. Lahar

2. Liquefaction

3. Mudflow

4. Landslide

1. II, V

• It is best to evacuate to higher ground or to an elevated building, preferably one with multiple floors

• Going back to get valuable belongings wastes precious time and puts your life at risk

The following are some of the basic responses during tsunami. Which of the following you should NOT do if there is an identified tsunami incoming?

I. Never go down the beach to watch for a tsunami

II. Retreat to a building on lowest level as much as possible.

III. Do not watch and collect fishes or other sea object that is visible in a dry ocean bed

IV. Not going near the river or bridges

V. Going back to get valuable belongings

VI. If unusual sea conditions, immediately move towards high grounds

1. II, V

2. II, III

3. I, II

4. III, IV

2. Identification of areas as evacuation point

• While knowing which areas are safe to evacuate to during an earthquake is important, it is not the primary reason for interpreting earthquake hazard maps

Which of the following is LEAST stated why it is better for everyone to know how to interpret earthquake hazard map?

1. Knowing which areas needs preparedness

2. Identification of areas as evacuation point

3. Awareness of areas with frequent hazard occurrence

4. Improvement of literacy in hazard maps

4. GMA reporter, Micaela Papa, reported live during the onslaught of Super Typhoon Yolanda showing devastating and grueling winds covering the entire vicinity of Palo, Leyte

• Occurrence 1 may be an inconvenience or a problem, but it may not necessarily be considered a disaster

• Occurrence 2 may also have significant consequences for the residents of Barangay Taliptip, but it may not reach the scale of a disaster

• Occurrence 3 is a tragic incident, but it may not be classified as a disaster as well

Which of the following occurrences qualifies as a disaster?

1. Majority of the barangays in Occidental Mindoro experience a 20-hour power outage for weeks

2. Residents of Barangay Taliptip were displaced and relocated as major part of the New Manila International Airport will be located in the vicinity

3. There was a collision of numerous vehicles in Tarlac–Pangasinan–La Union Expressway (TPLEX), 4 wounded and 2 dead

4. GMA reporter, Micaela Papa, reported live during the onslaught of Super Typhoon Yolanda showing devastating and grueling winds covering the entire vicinity of Palo, Leyte

2. Lahar is made up of water, mud, and other volcanic debris, while lava flow is primarily molten rock

• Lahar is a type of volcanic mudflow that can occur during or after an eruption when loose volcanic debris mixes with water to form a slurry that can flow downhill at high speeds

  • Typically faster-moving

  • Can travel long distances downstream, posing a significant hazard to communities located near active volcanoes

• Lava flow is the movement of molten rock from a volcanic vent or fissure that can occur during an eruption

What is the primary difference between lahar and lava flow?

1. Lahar is a slow-moving flow of volcanic ash and rock fragments, while lava flow is a rapid flow of molten rock

2. Lahar is made up of water, mud, and other volcanic debris, while lava flow is primarily molten rock

3. Lahar is primarily found in subduction zones, while lava flow occurs in areas with active volcanoes

4. Lahar occurs during volcanic eruptions, while lava flow is a result of tectonic plate movements

3. It is a high-speed mixture of hot gases, ash, and rock fragments that moves away from a volcano vent

• A fast-moving, high-density mixture of hot gases, ash, and rock fragments that can travel at hundreds of kilometers per hour

• Usually associated with explosive volcanic eruptions, and can cause significant destruction and loss of life in affected areas

What is the definition of pyroclastic flow?

1. It is a type of lava flow that moves slowly and steadily down a slope

2. It is a type of magma that forms during volcanic eruptions

3. It is a high-speed mixture of hot gases, ash, and rock fragments that moves away from a volcano vent

4. It is a type of volcanic debris that falls from the atmosphere to the ground

2. V

• Changes in the local climate or weather patterns are not typically discussed as indicators of an impending volcanic eruption, as they are not directly related to volcanic activity

The following are the indicators of an impending volcanic eruption. Which of the following events is the least likely to be discussed as an indicator of an impending eruption when educating people living near an active volcano?

I. Volcanic tremors or earthquakes can be an early indicator of an impending volcanic eruption

II. An increase in the temperature of nearby water sources, such as hot springs or lakes, can signal an imminent volcanic eruption

III. The presence of gas emissions, such as sulfur dioxide, can be an indication of magma moving closer to the surface

IV. A sudden change in the shape or elevation of the volcano, as detected by satellite or GPS, can signal an impending volcanic eruption

V. Changes in the local climate or weather patterns

1. III, IV

2. V

3. III

4. IV, V

3. Use advanced technology to create accurate and detailed maps of the hazard-prone areas

• The most effective way to provide information on areas that are affected or vulnerable to a particular hazard

  • satellite imagery, geographic information systems (GIS), and remote sensing techniques

• By using these tools, hazard maps can provide detailed information on the location, severity, and potential impact of hazards in a given area

How should a hazard map be created to provide information on areas that are affected or vulnerable to a particular hazard?

1. Consider the physical characteristics of the area such as topography and geology

2. Gather data on the historical occurrence of the hazard in the area

3. Use advanced technology to create accurate and detailed maps of the hazard-prone areas

4. Identify the specific hazard to be mapped

2. It can lead to increased awareness and preparedness for natural disasters

• The main significance of reading a hazard map is to inform individuals and communities of potential hazards in their area and to increase their preparedness in the event of a natural disaster

What is the significance of understanding how to read a hazard map?

1. It assists in the development of effective evacuation plans

2. It can lead to increased awareness and preparedness for natural disasters

3. It enables emergency responders to quickly and accurately assess the situation

4. It helps individuals and communities to identify potential hazards in their area