ANTH 103 Final Exam

consanguineal kin

biologically related relatives, commonly referred to as blood relatives (mothers sisters daughter)

affinial relations

Kin relations grounded in cultural conventions

Biological Kin Types

Description of actual genealogical relationships.
- Etic
- Biological
- Universal

kin terms

How different societies label/classify kin relations
- Emic
- Cultural

Polygyny

One male, several females.

Polyandry

One female, several males.

descent

the system by which members of a society trace kinship over generations

lineage

People who can trace back to a common focal ancestor
- Demonstrated descent: Being able to trace/prove your ancestor or geneology

clans

Lineages that go further back in time, more inclusive, and may include groups of related families.
- Stipulated descent: Not being able to prove your relation to a common ancestor, but claiming it nonetheless.

cross cousins

The children of a person's parents' opposite-gender siblings (a father's sister's children or a mother's brother's children).
- Depending on system of descent (patrilineal or matrineal) impacts relations with cousins

parallel cousins

children of two brothers or two sisters (moms sister)

fictive kinship

kin relations developed through cultural ties
- Compradrazgo
- Expands the web of kinship
- Intensifies friend relations

compradazgo

Spiritual parenthood, fictive kin amongst the Runa. Kinda like godparents

Endogamy

marriage between people of the same social category

Exogamy

marriage outside the tribe, caste, or social group
- More common in patralineal societies

Post-Marital Residence

Rules that specify where a person resides after marriage and, accordingly, influence the structure and size of household units.
- Patrilocal, matrilocal, neo-local

Dowry/Bridewealth

strategies to establish rights over labor and reproductive

Levirate

Custom by which a widow marries the brother of her deceased husband

Sororate

the custom whereby, when a man's wife dies, her sister is given to him as a wife

Andes Marriage

- Patrilocal post marital residence
- Community (aylu) endogamy
- Creates unequal relationship with in laws (son-in-law is expected to perform minka labor)

nuer marriage

bride price cattle; oldest son marries first, next son can't marry till cows are replished

social structure

A process of patterned interrelationships of social groups and "persons"
- How people inhabit social roles, conventions, and expectations

achieved/ascribed status

Achieved: Things you have done
Ascribed: Things you were assigned/born into.

Structural Functionalism

More distant, systematic view of analyzing society by looking at institutions
- Marriage is capitalism

persons

Not the same as individuals. How people inhabit socially assigned roles.

age sets

Sets of different ages that work together to maintain the tribe; have different jobs

age grades

Reaching a certain age as milestones
- Fiesta cargo

culture and the body

The way that we use our bodies are shaped by culture
- Bodies are the raw material through which we experience culture

habitus

Cultural habits that seem like second nature
- Andean people expected to enter a room and greet everyone
- Linked to hegemony

hegemony

domination over others that advantages one social group

sex

"Biological" physical differences perceived as distinguishing males and females
- Sexual dimorphism
- Binary framework that doesn't neatly match the realities of biological variation

gender

Meanings, practices, stereotypes, expectations of a particular sex
- Systematic: Intertwined with other areas in society
- Also interacts with adaptive strategies, beliefs, residence patterns (women staying in the house)

sexuality

Ethnographic research suggests wide variation in actual behavior and categorical systems in which societies classify behavior
- Matti women: Black, working class Surinamese women who form intimate bonds with other women, but don't identify with the western label of lesbians

domestic/public dichotamy

What work done by which genders is valued
- Girls can cook, but men can be professional chefs

gender diversity

The real world of gender and sex in human societies is always more complicated than categories in a given culture
- Two-spirit

intersex

possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes

religion

dealing with universal existensial conditions
- Etic, deeply connected with economics and politics
- During enlightenment, switch to rational thought. Religions was considered as a bad science, rather than a way of teaching morals

functionalism

how a practice links to a cultural whole, with respect to individuals
- How cultural practices meet individual needs (basic/derived)
- Malinowski: Magic is a way of controlling the uncontrollable, used for when there's more danger
- Evans Pritchard: witchcraft among the Azande is not illogical, it has it's own logic as a way of settling conflicts

ritual

highly formalized event in which the implicit is made explicit
- Fiesta-Cargo (Andean): Sequence of ladders of community service obligations through which all members of society are expected to pass
- Carnival (Andean): Has roots in Catholicism. Symbolic alignment with flowering of crops

Ritual symbol

Signifies
- Association: Relationship between symbol and what it represents (coca in the Andes)
- Resemblance: Similarity w/ what is being signified (dressing up a sheep for a wedding)
- Convention: Shared cultural understandings, other cultural meanings, associated cultural values

salvage anthropology

the idea that small scale societies are threatened of disappearing due to globalization and modernity
- flawed

World Systems Theory

Variety of political, economic, and social relations of interdependence among different societies within the world
- Core and periphery: Maintains hierarchy and stratification
- Not naturally found in the world, result of legacies of colonization

colonialism

Transforms both EuroAmerican societies and periphery colonies
- Western sense of "self" vs colonized groups
- Part of globalization 1.0

Modernization theory

Making less-developed societies like those in the west. Similar to unilineal cultural evolution
- West as civilized, periphery as unhygenic and barbaric

globalization 2.0

Intensification of cultural processes and connections through technology from 1980 beyond
- Culture isn't just defined by territory, you can participate in it from afar
- Assimilation is no longer the norm

global and local

Global- Interconnection of social life on the planet
Local- Specific settings of everyday life

cultural imperialism

The dominance of one culture over another.

Fordism

System of standardized mass production attributed to Henry Ford.
- Made in America, core countries

financialization

Creating value through financial engineering, not making an actual product
-

political anthropology

How structures of power are organized and reproduced. Emerged after WWII

power and authority

The ability to influence what others do. Located in particular institutions.
- Interacts w/ other dimensions of stratification: wealth, prestige
- Social norms/roles shape leadership.

Nuer

Pastoral, trans humanance. Located in South Sudan. Patrilineal descent is very important
- Cattle is important, plays a role in marriage exchange.

bands

Small group of hunters and gatherers who hunt and gather for a living over territory

tribes

Populations descended from a common ancestor,
- Nowadays is usually used to describe an Indigenous group with its own leadership existing outside a state

chiefdoms

Autonomous political unit composed of a number of communities living under a chief

state

autonomous regional structure of political, economic, and military rule with a central gov.
- Modern Western State: Control over clearly marked territory. Part of global system of state.
- Anthropologists view the state as a complex cultural process that is carried out everyday

non-state actors

groups other than nation-states that attempt to play a role in the international system.
- World bank, IMF, NGO's, criminal orgs.,
- All have influence beyond the nation state

Underdifferentiation

Seeing all "less developed countries" the same
- ROW: Rest of the world
- WEIRD: Western, educated, industrial, rich, democratic

overinnovation

When people in Western nations (think peace corp volunteers) make projects that aren't really suited for the people who live there.
- Good intent, bad practice.

collaborative research

an approach to learning about culture that involves anthropologists working with members of the study population as partners and participants rather than as "subjects"
- Emic approach
- PRATEC: NGO devoted to researching Andean technologies, that counters Western idea that Indigenous people are something of the past.

medical anthropology

Differential impact of disease and other health-related issues,
- How different populations concerive of "health" "wellness" and "disease"
- Analyzing Western biomedical knowledge
- Biomedical understanding AS cultural understanding

Biomedicine vs. Ethnomedicine

Biomedicine is medical science that applies biological and other natural-science principles to clinical practice.

Ethnomedicine is traditional medicine practiced by various ethnic groups, and especially by indigenous peoples. The word ethnomedicine is sometimes used as a synonym for traditional medicine.

human microbiome

Our health is connected to the people around us

business anthropology

Business practices as an object of ethnographic study
- Business practices aren't just money making machines, but social institutions
- Communication across cultural boundaries
- The stock market isn't as sure as something like gravity, but we often act like it is.