Health Science/Chapter 1.1/Beliefs and Traditions

Flashcard's to review

What did prehistoric people believe cause illness?

There “sins” or they caused the issues so they blamed there selves.

What role did herbs play in the early healing practices?

A form of treatment.

What is the Latin root of the word herb, and what does it mean?

Herba meaning plant.

What does the term spiritual derive from, and what does it mean?

Strength or belief or also from Latin representation (a stream of water)

What is a poultice, and how was it used in early medicine?

Poultice was used for pain, and for wound hygiene.

What pain-relieving substance is found in willow bark?

Salicin.

Define trepanation and explain its purpose in ancient cultures.

To get the “evil souls out” and to relieve migranes.

What does the Greek root trypanon mean?

The Greek root name is “auger” which means drill.

What archaeological evidence suggests prehistoric people survived trepanation?

Their was some bone growth.

Who was Ötzi the Iceman, and what does he reveal about early medicine?

They had medicine like penicillin.

What medicinal items did Ötzi carry?

Acupuncture, and medicinal fungus.

How did religion influence Egyptian views on illness?

They believed that gods gave it to them if they were bad.

Who was Imhotep, and why is he significant in medical history?

He used potions and hygiene, diet, and basic surgery.

What does it mean that Imhotep was deified?

Yes, He was worshiped and also know the Egyption God of medicine.

What two major medical texts came from ancient Egypt?

Smith Papyrus, discovered practical treatments like stitching, bandages.

What type of information was found in the Smith Papyrus?

A old ancient text.

What did the Ebers Papyrus contain?

He did Diagnosis and 700 hundred remedies.

What is the origin of the word Papyrus?

It is a Greek word, It refers to paper.

Break down the word antiseptic into prefix and root.

Against disease.

How did mummification contribute to anatomical knowledge?

Because of cadaver labs.

What are the four humors in Greek medicine?

Blood, Yellow bile, Black bile, phlegm.

What did Greek physicians believe caused illness?

Imbalance of 4 humors.

What does the Latin root umor mean?

Fluid.

Who was Hippocrates, and what is his significance?

Father of Western medicine.

What does acute mean, and what is its Latin root?

Sharp.

What does chronic mean, and what is its Greek root?

Long time.

What practices did Hippocrates advocate for patient care?

Observation, diet, rest, hygiene, symptoms.

How did Hippocratic medicine different from religious explanations?

They focused on science based.

Who was Galen, and what was his contribution to medicine?

Recording what happened with patients, and creating sanitation system.

What types of patients did Galen treat that informed his knowledge?

He dissected animals.

How long did Galen’s ideas dominate medicine?

1,400 years.

What public health innovations did the Romans create?

Sewage systems, Public baths, and Aqueducts.

Name three surgical tools used by Roman physicians.

Scalpels, Hooks, Saws.

How did medical knowledge change during the Dark Ages?

The decline of Scientific Medicine, back to superstition, prayer.

What role did superstition play in medicine during this period?

Ritiuals, ancient texts.

What caused medicine to regress after the fall of Rome?

The Bubonic Plague.

When did the Black Death occur and how many people died?

1347 through 1351, 1/3 of Europe.

What bacteria caused the Black Death?

Yersinia pestis.

How was the plague spread?

Fleas on rats.

What were the symptoms of the bubonic plague?

Fever, Big pimples, Infection that rots flesh.

What does the term bubo mean, and where does it come from?

Removing blood.

What treatments were used for the plague victims in medieval Europe?

Leeches, blood letting, religious penance.

Why did many people blame themselves for getting sick?

Because of of religious reasons like they did something wrong.

What were alchemists attempting to discover?

To live longer and healthy lives.

How did alchemists contribute to the development of pharmacology?

Pharmacies.

In what way were alchemists both mystics and chemists?

The Philosopher’s Stone, and early chemical remedies.

What is Qi, and how does it relate to Chinese medicine?

Vital energy/Life force.

What are the principles of Yin and Yang?

Opposites with balance.

What is the Yellow Emperor’s Classic, and why is it significant?

Eternal medicine.

Break down the word acupuncture into its parts.

Needle, Pierce.

What are the three doshas in Indian Ayurvedic medicine?

Hygiene, Diet, Basic Surgery.

Who was Sushrute and what was his contribution to medicine?

Natural/spiritual balance.

How did Ayurveda treat illness differently than Western traditions?

Looking at the whole person and restoring balance.

What role did nature and spirit plan in Native American healing?

Natural remedies.

How was Native American Medicine communal?

Collective treatments.

What is shaman, and what role did they play in healing?

Ritual treatments.

List three common shamanic healing practices.

Willow bark, herbs, sage.

What is one reason shamanism developed in many different regions?

Natural/spiritual balance.

What kinds of materials were used in African traditional medicine?

Spiritual and herbal medicine.

Why is botanical knowledge important for African healers?

Because some are deadly.

What are the two types of healers in ancient Mesopotamian medicine?

Rituals, Religion.

Break down malpractice into prefix and root.

Mal = bad/Practice = to do.

Why was legal accountability important in early Mesopotamian medicine?

Because otherwise it would be chaotic

Who was A1 Rhazi and what text did he write?

He was a Persian physician, who wrote Kitab al-Hawi

What does Kitab al-Hawi mean in English?

Book comprehensive.

What did A1 Rhazi emphasize in clinical training?

Cleanliness, experimentation.

What principle did A1 Rhazi promote long before germ theory?

Clinical experience and observation.

Who was Ibn Sina and what was his most famous book?

The Canon of medicine.

What does the word Canon mean in the title “The Canon of Medicine”?

Rule.

What idea did Ibn Sina introduce about how diseases spread?

Contagious diseases, through water, soil, and air.

What is the root meaning of the word contagious?

Con - Together, Tangere - touch.

What did Ibn Sina believe about the causes of diseases?

It spreads through contamination.

What role did Greek and Roman texts play in Arab - Islamic medicine?

Dissection of animals, the 4 humors.

What are the four humors in ancient Greek medical theory?

Blood, Yellow bile, Black bile, Phlegm.

What did physicians believe happened when the humors were imbalanced?

Something was wrong.

What treatments were used to restore balance in the humors?

Bloodletting, Purging, diet and lifestyle.

What does the term Phlegm mean in its Greek root?

Inflammation and swelling.

What is the origin of the term melancholia?

Black bile.

Why is studying important?

Because it gives you more knowledge about the world.

Why is human physiology important?

Because it understands humans.

Why is eating important?

Because I helps us be healthy.

Who are the two key historical figures associated with humorism?

Galen and Hippocrates.

What elements or emotions were linked with each humor?

Diet, Rest, Hygiene, Symptoms.

What role did bloodletting play in humor-based medicine?

To fix their bile.

What belief system justified the use of Purging as a treatment.

Greek medicine, and Pare and the Barber-Surgeons.

What is the Latin origin of the word humor?

Umor=Fluid.

Where did major medical schools emerge during the Arab revival?

Middle East, North Africa, and Spain.

What was the significance of the Salerno Medical School?

It was the First Western University.

What kind of treatments became more common with formal schooling?

Hospital based treatments like, Surgical procedures, Dedicated wards for disease.

What is the origin word of hospital?

Hospitalis.

What does the Greek word cheirourgia mean?

Cheir-Hand, Ourgia - Mysteries.

How did formal education shift medicine away from apprenticeships?

They shifted it from watching to actually doing things.

What regions preserved and expanded classical medical texts?

Greece and Europe.

Why was the development of disease-specific wards important?

Because of prevention, and correct procedures.

Who was Andreas Vesalius and what did he publish?

He performed procedures on human cadavers, and was very accurate.

What is the full title of Vesalius’s use of human dissection?

Vesalius and the Anatomists.

What does Humani De Humani Corporis Fabrica translate to?

Body Fabric.

What was revolutionary about Vesalius’s use of human dissection?

He was accurate.

Whose anatomical mistakes did Vesalius correct?

Galen’s errors.

What is the Latin root of the word corpus?

Body.