water cycle

habitat

a habitat is the natural environment where an organism lives, providing necessary resources for survival, such as food, shelter, and mates for reproduction.

groundwater

water that saturates the soil and rock layers beneath the Earth's surface, serving as a vital resource for ecosystems and human consumption.

water cycle

the continuous process of water evaporation, condensation, and precipitation that circulates water through the atmosphere, surface, and underground.

evaporation

the process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas or vapor, usually occurring due to heat from the sun, playing a crucial role in the water cycle.

transpiration

the process through which water is absorbed by plant roots, moves through plants, and is released as water vapor into the atmosphere. It contributes to the overall water cycle and helps regulate temperature and humidity.

precipitation

it means liquid

tributary

a river or stream flowing into a larger river or lake.

watershed

an area or ridge of land that separates waters flowing to different rivers,

divide

separate or be separated into parts.

reservoir

a large natural or artificial lake used as a source of water supply.

eutrophication

the process where water bodies become overly enriched with nutrients—primarily nitrogen and phosphorus—triggering excessive algae growth

salinity

the concentration of dissolved salts—including sodium chloride, magnesium, and calcium—present in water or soil, typically measured in parts per thousand (ppt) or grams per kilogram

sonar

a system for the detection of objects under water and for measuring the water's depth by emitting sound pulses and detecting or measuring their return after being reflected.

seamount

Seamounts are underwater mountains,

trench

a long, narrow excavation in the ground or seabed, created for infrastructure, defense, or geological subduction

continental shelf

the submerged, shallow extension of a continent, typically sloping gently to depths of 50–200 meters (165–660 feet) before dropping sharply at the shelf break.

abyssal plain

vast, incredibly flat, and dark regions on the deep ocean floor, typically located at depths of 3,000 to 6,000 meters (10,000 to 20,000 feet) between continental margins and mid-ocean ridges

 mid-ocean ridge

underwater mountain system formed by tectonic plates spreading apart. As the longest mountain range on Earth, it is a continuous

current

a body of water or air moving in a definite direction, especially through a surrounding body of water or air in which there is less movement.

Coriolis effect

an apparent deflection of moving objects (like air, water, or planes) in a straight path, caused by the Earth’s rotation.

Climate

the long-term, 30+ year average of weather patterns in a region, encompassing temperature, precipitation, and wind.

El Nino

a natural climate phenomenon characterized by warmer-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean

La Nina

a natural climate pattern featuring below-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean