Health Science Final Exam

5 Major Functions of the Integumentary system

1. Protection (keeping foreign invaders out)

2. Removal of waste

3. Vitamin D synthesis

4. Receives sensory information

5. Thermal regulation

Connective Tissue

Found

• Skeletal system (bones, ligaments, cartilages, tendons)

• In between layers of organs and other structures

Function

• Connect and attach organs and other tissues.

Epithelial Tissue

Found

• Skin

• Outside / inner lining of most structures and organs

Function

• Protects structures

• Inner and outer lining of major organs

• Allows diffusion

Muscle Tissue

Found

• Heart

• Attached to bones

• Inside most major organs

Function

• Movement

• Posture

• Joint stability

• Heat production

Nervous Tissue

Found

• Central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord)

Function

• Transferring of information from organ to organ through nerves and electrical signals

Respiratory System

Responsible for gas exchange. It brings in oxygen from the air and removes carbon dioxide through the lungs.

Alveoli

small air sacs at the end of the air passageways in the lungs that have very thin walls to allow gas exchange and diffusion to occur within the capillaries

Trachea

long air passageway that brings air from the upper to lower respiratory track + filters out air

• Surrounded by rings of cartilage

Larynx

contains the vocal cords + vibrates air to produce sound

Epiglottis

stops solid and liquids from entering the trachea

Diaphragm

very thin muscle under the lungs that changes air pressure in the lungs to make you inhale and exhale

4 Major Functions of the Circulatory System

1. Kills pathogens

2. Removes waste products

3. Thermoregulation

4. Delivers materials throughout the body

Veins vs. Arteries vs. Capillaries

	Vein	Artery	Capillary
Function	Brings blood to the heart	Brings blood away from heart	Diffusion of materials
Pressure	Low	High	N/A
Lumen	Larger than an artery	Smaller than a vein	Extremely small
Smooth muscle	Thin layer	Thicker layer	N/A

V - veins

E - enter

A - arteries

L - leave

There are 3 layers of tissue in arteries and veins. What are the names of these three layers AND What type of tissue is each layer made of?

Name of Layer	Type of Tissue
Tunica intima (inner layer, closest to lumen)	Epithelial tissue
Tunica media (middle layer)	Smooth muscle tissue
Tunica externa (outer later)	Connective tissue

How to differentiate between a vein vs artery [for diagram]?

veins [blue] have valves because they have low blood pressure (will have a line through it or something like that)

3 major types of structures in the heart

1. Valves - stops backwards blood flow

2. Chambers - where blood is stored and then pumped to the next place

3. Vessel - carries blood into and out of the heart

What is the order of blood flow in the heart?

1. Vena Cava

2. Right atrium

3. Tricuspid valve

4. Right ventricle

5. Pulmonary valve

6. Pulmonary artery

7. Lungs

8. Pulmonary vein

9. Left atrium

10. Bicuspid valve

11. Left ventricle

12. Aortic valve

13. Aorta

14. Everywhere else in the body

Platelets

or thrombocytes; clot blood + stop excessive bleeding

• <1%

Red blood cells

or erythrocytes; carry oxygen using hemoglobin

• ~45%

White blood cells

or leukocytes; killing pathogens + fighting infections

• <1%

Plasma

liquid part of blood + carries all other major materials

• ~55%

Systolic

top number; pressure when the heart is contracting

Diastolic

bottom number; pressure when the heart is at rest

Skeletal System

Provides structure, support, and protection for the body’s organs. It also produces blood cells and stores minerals like calcium. Includes bones, cartilage, and joints.

What is the difference between a Tendon vs. Ligament vs. Cartilage?

Tendon	Ligament	Cartilage
Muscle to bone	Bone to bone	Acts as a cushion and lubricant between bones; providing frictionless movement + shock absorption

*they are all made of connective tissue

What are the 2 types of Bone Marrow

• Red bone marrow - creates blood cells (red, white, and platelets)

• White bone marrow - stores fat and minerals

Muscular System

Works with the skeletal system to enable movement. It also helps with posture and heat production. Includes skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.

Smooth Muscle Tissue

• involuntary

• nonstriated

• moves internal bodily fluids around the body + found throughout all the body such as in organs

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

• involuntary

• striated

• pumps blood around the body

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

• voluntary

• straited

• attached to all the bones + allows body movement

What is the strongest muscle?

masseter/jaw

What is the longest muscle?

sartorius

What is the largest muscle?

gluteus maximus

Immune System

Defends the body against infections and diseases. It includes white blood cells, lymph nodes, the spleen, and other components that identify and destroy harmful pathogens.

Reproductive System

Enables the production of offspring. In females, it includes the ovaries, uterus, and associated structures. In males, it includes the testes and associated structures.

Excretory System

Removes waste products from the body and helps maintain water and salt balance. Major parts include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Digestive System

Breaks down food into nutrients the body can absorb and use for energy, growth, and repair. It includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas.

Endocrine System

Produces hormones that regulate body processes such as metabolism, growth, and mood. Includes glands like the thyroid, adrenal glands, and pancreas.

Nervous System

Controls and coordinates body activities by transmitting signals between different parts of the body. It includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Label a Neuron

Nerve impulse direction

from the dendrite to the axon end

What is the difference nerve impulse in neurons vs in synapse?

• Neuron - electrical impulse

• Synapse - space in between two neurons + chemical neurotransmitter

What are the 3 major parts of brain and description?

1. Cerebrum - higher level thinking, emotion, logic

2. Cerebellum - motor skills, balance, muscle coordination

3. Brainstem - connects the nerve impulses from the spine to the brain + controls all involuntary actions of the body (breathing, heart rate, blood pressure)

What are the 4 lobes of cerebrum and description?

1. Frontal lobe - personality, critical thinking, problem solving

2. Parietal lobe - touch, taste, smell, spacial reasoning

3. Temporal lobe - auditory processing and hearing

4. Occipital lobe - visual processing and sight

Graphing information

X-axis (left side of table)

Y-axis (right side of table)

Malaria

a disease caused by a parasite. The parasite is spread to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes.

It effects the circulatory, immune, and respiratory systems.

Primarily affects the blood and other tissues, potentially leading to organ damage and even death.